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CONTENTS YEAR 2022 Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 36, No. 1, 2022; 1-8
Environmental Toxicants Inducing COVID-19 Transmission and Lethality Among Adults and Children
Manju Singh
Department of Zoology Raghunath Girls Post Graduate College, Meerut-250001, UP, India Abstract :
COVID-19 was first of all found in China and from there it spread out throughout the world in
the first quarter of 2020. On January 30, 2020, World Health Organization treated this as a matter of a
Public Health Emergency of international concern. Subsequently on March 11, 2020 it was declared a
pandemic. The cause of COVID-19 disease was a virus named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which infects the patient by binding to the angiotensin converting
enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor expressed in several organs including lungs, heart, kidney and intestine. The
infection spreads by expulsion of virus from the infected person through their respiratory systems in to
the environment as the pathogens penetrate in to the respective host by inhalation. A number of studies
conducted by scientists in China, Italy and USA point out the role of increasing level of air pollutants in
fast transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and severity of the disease COVID 19. PM10 and PM2.5 (Particulate
Matter) play a vital role in spread of virus as they remain in the air for enough time and act as vector or
carrier for the virus and may carry the pathogens for long distances and deeper in to the lungs. Besides
PM, pesticides, aerosol containing carbon mono oxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, heavy metals, and organic
chemicals induce oxidative stress which can disrupt the function of respiratory epithelial barrier. These
pollutants may also induce influenced and thereby increasing the susceptibility for the virus and
lethality among COVID-19 patients.
Key words : COVID-19, ACE -2 Receptor, SARS-CoV-2, Particulate Matter (PM), Air Pollutants.
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Poonam Ahirwar and Manju Tembhre*
Govt. P G College, Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, India. M K Ponda College of Business and Management, Bhopal- 462038, India Abstract :
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Annona reticulata
leaves on antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile of CCl4 - induced liver toxicity in rats. The experimental
liver injury was induced in animals by CCl4 (2ml/kg b.w. i.p.) injection and treatment with the dose of
(200mg/kg b.w.) was continued for 30 days. At the end of treatment period, oxidative stress parameters
like lipid peroxidation by-products; enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD),
reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were calculated in the liver and the structure of hepatic
cells of experimental rats was also studied. The ethanol extract of Annona reticulata (EEAR) leaves
possessed antioxidant activity as shown by significantly increased activities of scavenging enzymes,
catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content as compared to
CCl4 -treated rats in which the level of these enzymes were decreased. Administration of the extract also
improved the lipid profile of the treated groups. Histopathology of the liver tissues showed that CCl4
induces deterioration in cellular boundaries, the vacuolisation, inflammatory infiltration, dilation of
sinusoidal, increased number of kupffer cells and the fatty degeneration (steatosis) in the liver. However,
supplementation of leaf extract of Annona reticulata attenuated the cellular necrosis and led the CCl4 -
inducedalterations to restoration repairing of cells toward normal. These findings suggest that treatment
of ethanol extract of Annona reticulata (EEAR) leaves exerts a therapeutic protective effect in CCl4 -
treated rats by decreasing oxidative stress, and hepatic damage.
Key words : Annona reticulata, CCl4, CAT , GSH, SOD, LPO, Liver, and Rat
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 36, No. 1, 2022; 19-30
Navneet Ranjan, P. K. Kathal* and Jemini Khatik
Department of Applied Geology,
Abstract : Groundwater is an important source for drinking. In Bundelkhand Granitic Complex (BGC) of central India, however, its quality is diminishing due to various geological processes. The study evaluates groundwater quality incorporating the GwQI tool based on GIS techniques by defining its relation with lineaments/weak zones for the demarcation of safe and 'good quality' zones for exploitation of groundwater in the studied area. Twelve 'quality parameters' namely pH, EC, TDS, HT, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+2, Cl-, F-, HCO3-, and SO4-2 for each of the 41 groundwater samples have been assigned weightage through 'decision-making' and validating our knowledge as per their effects on human health for the computation of GwQI scores and groundwater quality assessment as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2015). The spatial variability of 'quality parameters' generated through IDW Interpolation along with their correlation analyses have been determined with influence of geological and hydrogeological - attributes. The study shows that 'poor quality' (F- above 1.5 mg/l) in groundwater in the zone extending from central to north-western parts of the area (demarcated by GwQI scores mapping) has a direct relation with the underlying 'unconfined granitic aquifers' along the major NW-SE trending lineaments.
Key words : Groundwater Quality Index, Bundelkhand Granite Complex, lineaments, granites.
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Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Index (GwQI) of Groundwater in Chhindwara District, Central India
Jemini Khatik, P. K. Kathal* and Navneet Ranjan
Department of Applied Geology,
Abstract : Groundwater Quality Index (GwQI) provides a 'single number' that expresses overall quality of groundwater at a 'location and time' based on several 'water quality parameters'. The objective is to turn 'complex quality data' into information that is understandable and usable by the people and the agencies monitoring the quality of groundwater. Twelve hydrogeochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, F- -HCO3 and SO42-) were selected to calculate the GwQI in order to assess, for the first time, the impact of both 'geogenic' as well as 'anthropogenic' activities for better monitoring of the quality of groundwater in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, India.
Key words : Hydrogeochemical parameters, Groundwater Quality Index (GwQI), groundwater and Chhindwara.
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