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CONTENTS YEAR 2009 Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 23, No. 1, 2009; 1-6
Sovereignty in an Era of Klimakatastrophes
John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Abstract : Humankind has entered an era of mutually interacting disasters due to overconsumption, resource scarcity, overpopulation, and greenhouse gas emission that exceed Earth’s assimilative capacity. If assimilative capacity for carbon dioxide is exceeded, the gas will accumulate in the atmosphere and produce an alien planet that differs markedly from the climate in which humankind developed and flourished. Other life forms that collectively comprise the biospheric life support system have already been impoverished (nearly one-third of biodiversity is already lost) with catastrophic consequences. Resources are already being used well beyond Earth’s regenerative capacity, which is being reduced by rapid climate change. The cornucopian perception of Earth, which has never really been justified, is no longer viable on a finite planet with finite resources that will diminish in an era of klimakatastrophe. Immediate action on greenhouse gas emissions is urgently needed since the rate of climate change greatly exceeds initial predictions because the effects of positive feedbacks are now better understood. At present, nation-states are unable to protect their citizens from klimakatastrophes because they have no robust global goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to match Earth’s assimilative capacity for them. Inevitably, the situation will worsen until greenhouse gas emissions emissions and assimilative capacity are brought into balance.
Key words : Climate disasters, Resource wars, Food shortages, Sovereignty, Overconsumption, Greenhouse gas emissions, Environmental mitigation
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John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Abstract : Some people alive in 1940 may remember a portion of the famous speech given on 13 May 1940 by Sir Winston Churchill to the British public. The speech was given during the dark days of World War II for the British when all appeared to be on the verge of being lost. Still, with a firm resolve and a realistic picture of the task before them, the British people responded to Churchill’s plea with resolution and prevailed. Similarly, the climate crisis of the 21st century is global; time for remedial action is short; personal sacrifices may be appalling; and success is not assured. However, the alternative to taking action is equally horrendous – letting billions of people starve and die and virtually eliminate the prospects of a quality life for posterity. The key lines of Church’s speech are: “I say to the House as I said to ministers who have joined this government, I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering” (full speech at http://famousquotes.me.uk/speeches/Winston_Churchill/2.htm). Churchill asked the people to war with all their might and with all their strength – in short, total commitment.
Key words : Climate change/political leadership, Nuclear war, Distortions and falsehoods, Brownlash, Rejection of reason, The Public Good, Economic growth.
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Makky E.A.
Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Nasr City, P.N.Box.: 11884, Al-Azhar University, Cairo; Egypt.
Abstract : A comparative study on the effect of osmotic stress on the growth and pectinase production by Aspergillus flavus was undertaken. A flavus when grown on different naturally available pectic substrates as the sole carbon source in liquid and solid-state cultures (SSC). Fungal growth on Dead Tree Leaves (DTL) and Rice Straw (RS) as substrates was unihibited in presence of potassium chloride (KCl). The presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) however was growth inhibitory to A flavus cultures. The protein content of the cultures from RS spent cultures was highest in presence of KCl rather than in media containing NaCl. While the protein obtained from DTL substrate was not. Total Pectin Lyase/Pectate Lyase (TPNL/PL) activity was maximum, when A. flavus was grown in SSC with DTL as substrate and KCl as stressor. The fungus was able to resist up to 2.5 M KCl but, in culture media with DTL the salt resistance was poor in liquid culture. The RS substrate also showed low tolerance to salt stress in both modes of culture. The production of Exo-polygalacturonase (Exo-PGL) from RS by A flavus was unaffected by salt up to 2 M KCl in both cultures. On the other hand, Exo-PGL production from DTL in SSC was unaffected to salt stress of 2 M NaCl.. For both substrates SSC mode of A. flavus was better than liquid culture for enzyme production; however the study could not establish the best substrate.
Key words : Osmotic stress, Aspergillus flavus, Pectinases production, Solid-state culture.
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Tolerant and Hyperaccumulators Autochthonous Plant Species from Mine Tailing Disposal Sites
M.A. Salas-Luévano1, E. Manzanares-Acuña2, C. Letechipía-de León2 and H.R. Vega-Carrillo2
1 Unidad Académica de Agronomía Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Apdo. Postal 336, 98000 Zacatecas, Zac. México 2 Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas C. Ciprés 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac. México
Abstract : Mining activity in Zacatecas Mexico has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially lead. The phytoremediation is a user-friendly technology for the cleanup of contaminated environments. A crucial aspect for the practical use of this technique is the selection of adequate native plant species with high tolerance and capacity to accumulate the metals. The aim of this study was to identify autochthonous plant species that have potential capability for remediation of soil contaminated with lead. Seventeen different families of endemic plant species were identified in a polluted area showing large differences in the shoot’s lead accumulation. The highest shoot Pb concentrations were found in Amaranthus hybridus (2208 µg/g). However, the lead bioconcentration factor for this plant is less than 1. Only for Buddleja scordioides (Buddlejaceae) and Cerdia congestiflora (Caryophilaceae) the Pb bioconcentration factors are 1.31 and 1.05, respectively, which classifies them as lead-tolerant species.
Key words : Phytoremediation, Lead, Zacatecas, Mine tailings.
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DNA-Ploidy - A Prognostic Factor of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in Childhood
O. Basu1 , F. Zölzer2,3, P. Uma Devi2,4 and C. Streffer2
1 Departments of Paediatric Oncology, and 2Medical Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; 3 Department of Radiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; 4 Kanyakumari Institute of Oncology Research, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract : A number of studies have shown that the DNA-ploidy of mononucleated blood cells is a prognostic factor of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood, patients with an hyperploid DNA index showing a significantly better response to chemotherapy than those with a euploid DNA index. The aim of the present study was to re-evaluate this question for a subset of patients in the German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM study, treated between 1984 and 1996. The DNA index was flow cytometrically determined in mononucleated blood cells from the bone marrow and/or peripheral blood of 104 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. High-risk patients receiving more intensive treatment were excluded from the study. The recurrence-free survival of patients with hyperploid and euploid tumours was analyzed according to Kaplan and Meier, and the results were compared with those for other possible prognostic factors. Data analysis, incl. multivariate analysis, showed that DNA ploidy was indeed of significant prognostic value, with a risk ratio similar the initial leukocyte count. The appropriate cut-off point between diploid/near-diploid and hyperdiploid cases seems to be a DNA index of 1.10 rather than the most widely used 1.16. Overall, we are of the opinion that future studies should continue to include the DNA ploidy as a possible prognostic factor for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood.
Key words : Childhood leukaemia, Predictive assay, Risk factor, Ploidy, Flow cytometry.
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Meeta Mishra and Subodh Kumar Jain
Department of Zoology, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar-470 003 (M.P.); India.
Abstract: Zeolites are synthetic and naturally occurring sodium/calcium aluminosilicate minerals having unique adsorption, cation-exchange, dehydration-rehydration, and catalytic properties. They are used for the removal of ammonia, phosphates and heavy metals, and also as dietary supplement in animal diets in pet litters and as ammonia filters in kidney-dialysis unit. In the present investigation, toxicity of lead nitrate with reference to protein contents in fish tissue and the role of natural zeolite chabazite over it, has been studied. The experimental teleost fish Heteropneustes fossilis divided in to four equal groups. Group I worked as control while group II, III and IV exposed to sublethal concentration of lead nitrate, lead nitrate + chabazite and only chabazite respectively. Fish were dissected after 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of exposure, their tissue brain, liver, kidney and gills removed and processed for the estimation of protein contents. The data thus obtained was statistically evaluated by applying student‘t’ test. It has been observed that lead nitrate cause deleterious effects in all the tissue with reference to protein contents. When chabazite added with lead nitrate, protein contents improved towards normal. In fish of group IV, exposed to chabazite only, the protein contents further improved in comparison to control. The data thus obtained is statistically significant. The observations of the present study indicate the specificity of chabazite for lead adsorption and an inexpensive mean for its removal from exposure water. Also, chabazite may be useful as feed additive to improve quality of fish by increasing protein contents.
Key words : Lead, ion exchanger, chabazite, protein, fish tissues.
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Comparative Studies of Periphyton Diversity on Added Substrata in Fish Pond and Minor Reservoir
Ravi Shankar Piska and Savalla Murali Krishna
Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007 (A.P.); India.
Abstract : The present study deals with the comparative studies of periphyton diversity on added substrata, bamboo poles in two water bodies, a fish pond and a minor reservoir. The size of fish pond is 0.1 ha. and reservoir is 21.00 ha, but only a part (0.1 ha) of the reservoir is used for this study. The periphyton study was carried out after harvesting fish in both the water bodies, i.e., without fish. The bamboo poles were arranged at the rate of one pole/10m. The periphyton was analyzed after a month. Diversified periphyton communicates were found on bamboo poles. These belong to chlorphyceae, cyanophyceae basillariophyceae and euglenophyceae of algae and zooplankton in the fish pond whereas, bacterial and macro-invertebrates along with above group of organisms in the part of reservoir. In both the cases, periphyton was dominated by diatoms, followed by green algae and blue-greens. Diatoms most abundantly found in both water bodies. The periphyton was found more in fish pond when compared to the reservoir due to the application of manures in the pond during fish culture.
Key words : Periphyton diversity, Added substrata, Bamboo poles, Fish pond, Minor Reservoir, Algae, Zooplankton
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Estimation of Rutin and Quercetin in Amaranthus viridis Linn by HPLC
B.S. Ashok Kumar1, K. Lakshman2, K.N. Jayaveera3, N. Vamshi Krishna1, M. Manjunath4 and M.V. Suresh4
1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri K.V.College of Pharmacy, Chickballapur (Karnataka); India. 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, PES College of Pharmacy, Bangaluru (Karnataka); India. 3 Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur (A.P.); India. 4 Department of Pharmacognosy, Rural College of Pharmacy, Devanahalli (Karnataka); India.
Abstract : Amaranthus viridis, is traditionally used for treatment of constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia, leprosy. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, which are widely distributed through out the plant kingdom. Flavonoids like Rutin and quercetin possess many biochemical effects like inhibition of enzymes, regulatory role on different hormones and pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer, antihepatotoxic, protection of cardio vascular system. An HPLC method was developed for the estimation of rutin and quercetin from methanol herbal extract of Amaranthus viridis.
Key words : Amaranthus viridis, Rutin, Quercetin, Antioxidant activity, HPLC.
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Nageswar Amanchi and Mohan Bhagavathi
Department of Zoology, Protozoology and Environmental Toxicology Lab, OUCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad (A.P.); India.
Abstract : The freshwater ciliate protozoan Paramecium caudatum and Oxytricha fallax were used to evaluate potential cytotoxic effects of Delfin Insecticide and a comparison was made. LC50 value by mortality curve for three hours acute toxicity test of Paramecium caudatum and Oxytricha fallax was found to be 250.17±15.33ppm and 413.363±72.91ppm, respectively. Paramecium caudatum was found to be sensitive than Oxytricha fallax to Delfin. The shape, size and length of test organisms were reduced prominently. Similarly, changes in contractile vacuole and phagocytosis were also observed. Genotoxicity of pesticide was clearly evident from the alterations in nuclear morphology such as fragmentation, vacuolization, elongation, rod shaped deformity and complete diffusion of nucleus on exposure to Delfin in a concentration dependent manner. The results call attention to the possible role of ciliates in genotoxic studies and to their capacity as suitable toxicological tools.
Key words : Paramecium caudatum, Oxytricha fallax, Delfin, Feulgen Fast Green Technique, Low cost microbiotest, Toxicity evaluation.
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Studies on Water Treatment for Removal of Nitrate
Kavita Batheja1, A.K. Sinha1 and Gita Seth2
1 Department of Geology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.); India. 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.); India.
Abstract: Groundwater studies in arid zones of Churu block and adjacent villages exhibit high nitrate concentrations which make the groundwater unsuitable for drinking. Though there are many nitrate remediation methods/products in market, these may not be feasible for use at rural level. This paper describes a preliminary investigation on nitrate remediation abilities of active neutral alumina, activated charcoal, agar, yellow mustard and bentonite in singular or combined form. With some limitations these remedial measures can prove to be helpful in reduction of nitrate concentration in groundwater of the study area to appreciable extents.
Key words: Nitrate removal, Churu, Groundwater
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In Vitro Efficacy of Biocides against Dental Unit Water Line (DUWL) Biofilm Bacteria
I. Liaqat and A. N. Sabri
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590; Pakistan.
Abstract: Dental unit waterlines (DUWL) are an integral part of dental surgery equipment, supplying water as a coolant, primarily for air turbine and ultrasonic scalers. DUWL when not in use remain connected to main water supply providing conditions for biofilm development within 8 hours. Bacteria shed from the biofilm can maintain and support massive number of planktonic organisms. Characteristically biofilm bacteria exhibit 3000 fold more resistance to surfactants, biocides and antibiotics than organisms floating freely in fluids. Biofilms on tubings within DUWL provide a reservoir of microorganisms and must be controlled. This study compared different biocides for their ability to reduce and/ eliminate the biofilm bacteria. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Phenol (Phe), Tween 20 (Tw 20), Ethylene dihydro tetraoxide (EDTA), Chlorohexidine gluconate (CHX) and Povidine iodine (PI) were tested against DUWL biofilm bacteria. SDS, H2O2, Tw 20 and EDTA completely eliminate viable bacteria when applied singly, however, combined forms of these were found to be more effective in eliminating the biofilm bacteria. Some combinations effectively reduced the biofilm bacterial population. The most effective combination was of CHX with rest of the six biocides, although CHX gave the most consistent and sustained antimicrobial effect over time. Applying all the biocides simultaneously resulted in elimination of most bacteria.
Key words : Biofilms, DUWL tubing samples, Biocides efficacy, DUWL isolates.
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Mathematical Formulation for the Second Derivative of Back Propagation Error with Non-Linear Output Function in Feed Forward Neural Networks
Naveen Kumar Sharma1, Manu Pratap Singh2 and Sanjeev Kumar3
1 Department of Computer Science, CET-IILM-AHL, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida-201306 (U.P.); India. 2 Department of Computer Science, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Khandari, Agra (U.P.); India. 3 Department of Mathematics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Khandari, Agra (U.P.); India
Abstract: The feed forward neural network architecture is particularly uses back propagation-learning algorithm to determine the weights between different interconnected layers. This learning procedure uses gradient decent technique to apply on a sum of square error function for the given patterns. It evolves iterative procedure to minimize an error function by adjusting the weights in a sequence of steps. The first derivate of the error with respect to the weights identifies the local error surface in decent directions. Therefore, for every distinct presented pattern, the network exhibits distinct local error surfaces and the weights modify to minimize the current local error surface. Determination of optimal weights is only possible when the global error is supposed to be minimized. In this paper, we are providing the generalized mathematical formulation for the second derivative of the error function for arbitrary feed forward neural network topology. The local error is back propagated among the units of hidden layers and the second derivatives of the error with respect to the weights of hidden and output layer independently as well as combinedly, has been obtained. The new global error point can evaluate with the help of current global and minimized local error. The weight modification process accomplishes two times, firstly for present local error and secondly for current global error. The proposed method indicates that, the determined weights by the minimization of the global error are more optimal then the conventional gradient decent approach.
Key words: Feed forward neural networks, Back propagation learning, Decent gradient, and optimization.
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Biogas production from Sludge of Sewage Treatment Plant at Haridwar (Uttarakhand)
D. S. Malik and Umesh Bharti
Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University, Hardwar-249404 (U.P.); India.
Abstract: Biogas, a source of non-conventional energy is produced by fermentation of sludges. The sewage have collected through sewage pumping stations and treated in the primary and secondary treatment steps in sewage treatment plant at Jagjitpur, Hardwar. The Sewage Treatment Plant receives approximately 40 mld sewage from different pumping stations and 18 mld sewage is used for treatment at sewage treatment plant. Raw sewage consists of organic and inorganic solids in dissolved and suspended form with 90-99.9% of water. After treatment, huge amount of solid waste remains as sludge left with the treated water. Around 96X105 liters liquid sludge is being collected per day. In this process, the organic fraction of the waste is segregated and fed into a closed container, called biogas digester. Segregated waste undergoes biodegradation in the presence of methanogenic bacteria produce methane-rich biogas known as Biomethanation. Sludge from the anaerobic digestion can be used as a soil conditioner or composting. The present study was focused on biogas production from 1kg of sludge received 0.6 m3 volume on calculating value. The maximum biogas production was observed in volume 84952.34 m3 during summer and minimum volume of gas production was observed during winter as 76252.81 m3 in 2008.The biogas is used as energy source for running the all devices of treatment plant and others as lighting, laboratory works etc.
Key words : Biomethanation, Biocomposting, Biogas, Sewage, Sludge
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Somatic Embryogenesis and Root proliferation from Internode of Anthocephalus cadamba In Vitro
Prem Apurva1 and P.C. Thakur
1 Department of Zoology, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag (Jharkhand); India. Department of Botany, Chas College Chas, Bokaro-827013 (Jharkhand); India
Abstract: MS medium with 2.3 M 6-furfuryl amino purine (KIN) plus 5.4 M -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induced best proliferation of roots and medium with KIN (9.3 M) plus NAA (5.4 M) produced maximum number of somatic embryos in internodal explants of Anthocephalus cadamba. Embryoids differentiated directly from explant without going to callus phase. The best differentiation of roots was achieved from callus cultured on medium with KIN (4.6 M), NAA (5.4 M) and 15% coconut water (CW). Largest number of somatic embryos was produced in calluses cultured on the medium with KIN (23.2 M), NAA (2.7 M) and CW (15%).
Key words: Callus culture, Internode culture, Micropropagation, Rubiaceae.
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B.G. Unni, Archana Borah, S.B. Wann, H.R. Singh, Basabrani Devi and Minakshi Bhattacharjee
Biotechnology Division, North East Institute of Science and Technology, (formerly Regional Research Laboratory), Jorhat-785 006 (Assam); India.
Abstract: The study was conducted on various biochemical parameters of some traditional medicinal plants of North East India VIZ., Leucas aspera, Murraya koengigii, Oxalis corniculata, Alternanthera sessilis, Pagostemon benghalensis, Hydrocotyl rotendifolia, Cyathula prostrata, Piper peepuloides, Potentilla mooniana. It was observed that L. lanata, M. koengigi, O. corniculata, A. sessilis, P. peepuloides and P. mooniana shows antibacterial activity against E. coli. The nutritive values of these plants varied between 231.59 to 34.59 Cal/ 100 gm and the tannin content ranged from 3.8% and 0.62%. The GC analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters showed the presence of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid consisting of Palmitic acid, a mixture of oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids and stearic acid in various quantities from 0.06 to 6.33% gm dry leaf powder.
Key words: Medicinal plants, Antibacterial activity, Nutritive value, Fatty acids.
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Hrusikesh Patro1, Lingaraj Patro2, S.C. Swain1, R.K. Tarai1, B.S. Mohapatra3, and Ajay Kumar3
1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Gajapati), R. Udayagiri, Orissa -761016; India. 2. Environment Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, KBDAV College, Nirakarpur-752019 (Orissa); India. 3. Central Research Institute for Jute and allied fibres (ICAR), Barrackpore (West Bengal); India.
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Govind Ballav Pant Univerisity of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during 2000-01 and 2001-02 to evaluate the effect of four organic sources viz. Sesbania aculeata, Crotalaria juncea, Vigna unguiculata and wheat straw along with 4 levels of N to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and 3 levels of N to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Enerd. Fiori & Paol, L.) on soil microbial biomass nitrogen during rice growth under rice-wheat cropping, system. Soil microbial biomass (SMB) N values gradually declined with time and reached minimum at rice harvest during both the years except in 2000-01 the treatment in which rice was grown after incorporation of Crotalaria green manure and wheat straw where SMB values increased at 60 days after transplanting (DAT) as compared to 30 DAT. Variation in organic sources applied to rice brought significant differences in SMB N values at all the stages of rice growth in both the years. Interaction between organic sources and nitrogen level applied to rice were found significant at all stages of growth in both the years except at 60 DAT during 2000-2001.
Key words: Organic source, Soil microbial biomass (SMB), Nitrogen (N), Cropping system.
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Selection of Promising Bivoltine Hybrids by MST Analysis
C.K. Ramesh1 and G. Subramnaya2
1 P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Shimoga-577203 (Karnataka); India. 2 Department of P.G. Studies in Sericulture, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore (Karnataka); India.
Abstract: The objectives of the silkworm breeding is realized when the best hybrids for commercial exploitation are identified. The ultimate results in silkworm breeding are judged by the superiority of commercial characters of the parental strains that appear in the F1 hybrids. In the present experiment an attempt has been made to select superior bivoltine hybrids utilizing the four newly evolved bivoltine races viz. MG405, MG406, MG408 and MG414 and crossing them with three conventional bivoltine races viz. KA, NB4D2, NB7 and NB18, to evaluate the rearing performance of different hybrid combinations. The mean values of the hybrids were subjected to MST analysis, and relevant selection index program to identify the promising hybrids. The identified hybrids were short listed. The use of selection index and recommendations of hybrids for commercial exploitation is discussed.
Key words: Bivoltine hybrids, MST, Silkworm, Rearing performance.
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Use of Lawesson's Reagent in The Facile Synthesis of Few Thiones
P. Jayanthi, P. Lalitha and Shubashini K. Sripathi
Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore - 641 043; India.
Abstract: A simple and facile method for the synthesis of thiones has been developed. Lawesson’s Reagent ((2,4-bis (4-methoxy phenyl)-1,3-dithia-2, 4-diphosphethane-2,4-disulfide),a versatile and effective thionation reagent has been used for the conversion of the carbonyl moiety in quinolones to the thiocarbonyl moiety. The time of synthesis was less; work was simple, since the products are obtained in a one- pot synthesis. A suitable mechanism for the formation of has been proposed.
Key words: Lawesson’s reagent, Thiones, Microwave synthesis, Vinyl quinolones, Thionation
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The Impact of Ginger on Kidney Carbohydrate Metabolic Profiles in STZ Induced Diabetic Rats
K.R. Shanmugam1, Ch. Ramakrishana1, K. Mallikarjuna2, and K. Sathyavelu Reddy1
1 Division of Molecular Biology and Exercise Physiology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502 (A.P.); India. 2 Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei City, Taiwan.
Abstract: Ginger has been mentioned in Indian system of traditional medicine to be of value in the treatment of many diseases. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of ginger on the carbohydrate metabolic profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Wistar strain male albino rats were divided in to 5 groups as stated in the experimental protocol. The parameters studied are glycogen, total carbohydrates, total proteins and pyruvate. These metabolic profiles were decreased in diabetic rats except glycogen. Where as, with ginger treatment in diabetic rats these carbohydrate metabolic profiles were upregulated and glycogen downregulated. The blood glucose levels were also came to normalcy in ginger treated diabetic rats. The observed reductions in carbohydrate metabolic profiles during diabetic condition in renal tissue may be due to the alterations in the carbohydrate metabolism. From the results, its is concluded that ginger posses hypoglycemic property and other pharmacological properties so in diabetic rats, all these carbohydrate metabolic profiles were came to normalcy.
Key words: Diabetes, Ginger, Carbohydrate metabolic profiles, kidney.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 23, No. 1, 2009; 135-139
T.A. Kadam, L. Rupa, D.K. Balhal, N.D. Totewad and G. Gyananath
Biotechnology and Microbiology Division, School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded - 431 606 (MS); India.
Abstract: Leaf surfaces and root regions are composed of diverse microorganisms including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as yeasts and fungi. Here we report the relative distribution of the bacterial populations on the leaf surface and root regions of lotus plant. A marked degree of heterogeneous bacterial populations were found on leaf surface and root region. The degree of hydrophobicity was studied and a high variability was observed which could be attributed to differences in arrays of surface molecules of bacterial cells and composition of biofilms.
Key words: Biofilm, leaf surface bacteria, hydrophobicity etc.
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Poonam Meena, Sampat Nehra and P.C. Trivedi
Plant Nematology, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.); India.
Abstract: Studies were undertaken for the survey, pathogenecity test, life-cycle and reaction of some pigeonpea cultivars against Heterodera cajani. An intensive survey of pigeonpea field around Alwar district revealed the 100% occurrence of H. cajani and it causes a serious threat to this crop. Pathogenicity test showed that 100 J2S/plant is an economic threshold point of pigeonpea cyst nematode and this inoculum level causes considerable loss to crop. This nematode completed its life-cycle in 34 days upon pigeonpea plant. In screening reaction none of the varieties were found resistant out of eleven varieties.
Key words: Pathogenecity, Heterodera cajani, Pigeonpea, Cyst Nematode.
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Cadmium Toxicity to Freshwater Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
Deepak Kasherwani, Harnam Singh Lodhi, Kunwer Ji Tiwari, Sanjive Shukla* and U.D. Sharma
Prawn Research Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007 (U.P.); India. *Department of Zoology, B.S.N.V. P.G. College, Lucknow-226001 (U.P.); India.
Abstract: Static bioassay tests were carried out in order to evaluate LC50 values of Cadmium chloride for freshwater stinging cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis as well as to observe behavioural alterations posed by Cadmium. The LC50 values for 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h were found 434.74, 409.88, 401.31 and 392.92 mg/l, respectively. The major behavioural alterations observed during the experiments were erratic swimming, restlessness, muscle spasm, profuse mucous secretion, discolouration of the integument and cutaneous ulcerations in exposed animals. Overall increase in opercular beats in exposed fishes was also recorded throughout the experiments.
Key words: Heteropneustes fossilis, Cadmium chloride, LC50, behaviour.
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Energy Efficiency and Mixing Time Calculations in Mechanically Agitated Liquid Liquid Contactors
G.M. Madhu, A.J. Girish, Priya Ravi Ganesh, Sagar S. Agarwal, Rohit Kacker and Karanth Akshaya S.
Department of Chemical Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore-560 059 (Karnataka); India.
Abstract: The present paper involves the comparison of disc turbine, Rushton turbine and pitched blade turbine in terms of mixing time and energy efficiency for the mixing of miscible liquids with density difference. Comparison is also based on the change in the tracer volume added as well as the effect of change of the impeller diameter. The study has been restricted to the stirrer controlled regime due to lower mixing times as compared to gravity controlled or intermediate regimes. Conductivity meter has been used to ascertain the total mixing time, which being the time required to reach a constant conductivity. Effect of amount of tracer fluid added, density difference with the bulk and also the type and geometry of the impeller on the mixing time has been investigated. The pitched blade turbine with lesser diameter is recommended amongst the different impellers studied in the present work.
Key words: Energy, Efficiency, Time Calculations, Mechanically Agitated, Liquid Contactors
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Yaltox Induced Biochemical Alterations in Blood of Columba livia Gmelin
B.K. Gupta, L.L. Sharma and Surendra Pal Singh
Department of Zoology, M.S.J.Govt. P.G. College, Bharatpur-321001 (Raj); India
Abstract: Yaltox, a widely used, carbamate pesticide, and producing reversible anticholinesterase activity, was intramuscularly administered into blue rock pigeons at 4.17 mg./kg body wt. for acute (one day) and at 1.04 mg/kg. body wt. for sub-chronic (four weeks) treatment to study its impact on blood glucose, serum phospholipids, alkaline and acid phosphatase. Yaltox caused a significant increase in blood glucose level, serum phospholipids, alkaline and acid phosphatase, after acute treatment, however their increase was nonsignificant after sub-chronic exposure. The observed changes may be due to metabolic stress (convulsion and labored breathing) and anticholinesterase activity of yaltox.
Key words: Blood glucose, Serum phospholipids, Serum alkaline and Acid phosphatase.
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Deepak Sharma1, Aditi Anil Lavania2, Anshu Sharma1
1 Department of Biotechnology, IIMT College of Medical Sciences, O-Pocket, Ganga Nagar, Meerut (U.P.); India. 2 Department of Biotechnology, Sainath Paramedical College, Sikandra, Agra (U.P.); India.
Abstract: The Plants and Weeds are screened out for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria’s by extracting out their aqueous and methanolic extracts and screened out by analyzing their zone of inhibition. The weed Dathura stromonium shows pronounced antibacterial and antifungal activity along with Azadirachta indica, when compared with some standard antibiotics.
Key words: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Dathura stromonium, Azadirachta indica
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G. P. Singh and Rakesh Roshan Sharma
Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.); India.
Abstract: The presence of dominating Lactobacilli and Leuconostoc spp. in the different cattle milks was studied. Total viable counting and total coliform counting were also checked for all the samples. In samples of cow, buffalo, camel and goat’s milk, total 6 Lactobacilli spp. and 5 spp. of Leuconostoc were identified on the basis of their biochemical prosperities. Highest count of total bacterial population was found in the cow’s milk and lowest in the goat’s milk. Buffalo’s milk was found with a significant number of coliforms. Lactic acid bacteria, genus Lactobacilli and Leuconostocs were obsereved in all the milk samples at a little difference in number.
Key words: Biochemical properties, Cattle Milk, Coliforms, Lactobacilli, Leuconostocs.
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Efficacy of Decomposed Organic Cakes Against Heterodera cajani Infecting Cajanus cajan
Poonam Meena, Sampat Nehra and P.C. Trivedi
Plant Nematology, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.); India.
Abstract: Biopesticidal potential of some organic cakes, viz. neem cake, sesamum cake, mustard cake, cotton cake and castor cake at the dose of 3g and 5g/pot were evaluated against management of H. cajani. These cakes were amended well with soil and allow for decomposition. Such type of amended cakes seeds were found significantly effective in plant growth promotion and reduction in nematode population in the following order: neem cake>sesamum cake >mustard cake>cotton cake>castor cake.
Key words: Neem seed powder, Neem bark, Nematode.
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Effect of Tobacco as Fumigant on Lungs and Intestine of Rattus rattus
Rashmi Joshi and K.S. Rana
Environmental Research Lab., Agra College, Agra (U.P.); India.
Abstract: After treatment of tobacco fumes for 1, 3 and 6 months the histological examination of the vital parts of Rattus rattus i.e. body-lungs, stomach and intestine, reveals few changes such as the loss of lung tissues with signs of emphysema, bronchoconstriction in the lungs. The body weight increases and the lung weight were significantly suppressed. The lungs showed wall thickness were decreased. The stomach showed ulcer margin hyperemia and some animals showed apoptic cells in the mucus layer. Intestinal mucosa showed drastically stimulated and was devoid of villi. In large intestine no significant change was observed.
Key words: Nicotiana tobacum, Rattus rattus, Hyperplasia, Emphysema, Intestinal mucosa.
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Suparna Ghosh1, Suman Malik1, Bharti Jain2 and N. Ganesh3
1 Department of Chemistry, S.V. College, Bairagarh, Bhopal-462030 (M.P.); India. 2 Department of Chemistry, Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls P.G. (Auto) College, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal (M.P.); India. 3 Head, Research Department, Jawahar lal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal (M.P.); India.
Abstract: 5-acetazolamido–1,3,4–thiadiazole–2–sulphonamide, trade name acetazolamide, is a diuretic drug (Diuretic drugs increase the output of urine through kidneys). In the present communication, the metal complex of Zn(II) with schiff base derived from salicyladehyde and 5-acetazolamide –1,3,4 – thiadiazole–2–sulphonamide have been synthesized keeping in view that some metal complexes are found to be more potent than their parent drugs. These complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, conductivity, IR and 1H NMR spectral studies. The analytical data reflects the metal to ligand stoichiometry to be 1: 2. The ratio of complex formation with the above metal was further confirmed conductometrically using Job’s method of continuous variation. The conductivity data of the complexes also suggests their non-electrolytic nature. The stability constants and free energy change for the complexes have been calculated. The diuretic activity of these complexes was checked on albino rats and the results have been found to be very encouraging.
Key words: Diuretic, acetazolamide, schiff base, stoichiometry.
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A Comparative Analysis of Forecasting Methods for Aerobiological Studies
Karuna S. Verma1 and Apurva K. Pathak2
1 Aeroallergens and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur-482001 (M.P.); India. 2 Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Modern Dental College & Research Center, Indore-453112 (M.P.); India.
Abstract: Forecasting of air borne fungal spores are a problem for a long time to the many aero biologist. Time series analysis using ARIMA and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis are the methods generally in use. After introduction of artificial intelligent in forecasting the situation is changed, but the efficiency of these models are still under question. This study revealed that, for the short term forecasting all the three models are given significant level prediction of >95% accuracy. However, for long term due to the generalization made by the Seasonal Autoregressive Moving Average, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and Neural Network Application can gave a significant prediction.
Keywords : Forecasting, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, SARIMA & Neural Network Application.
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Postmortal Changes in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)
H.S. Singh, Mamta and Malti
Department of Zoology, Ch. C. S. University, Meerut-250004 (U.P.); India.
Abstract: The present communication deals with the study of the postmortal changes in the skin coloration and muscle myogen of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).
Key words: Clarias gariepinus, SDS - PAGE, Muscle myogen, Chromatophores.
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Localization of Metabolites and Enzymes in Stem Galls of Terminalia arjuna
Sanjay Kumarand Anil Mathur
Department of Botany, M.S.J. Government P.G. College, Bharatpur-321001 (Rajasthan); India.
Abstract: Histochemical localization of metabolites and enzymes was studied in stem gall of Terminalia arjuna (Linn.) induced by unknown Itonididae (Diptera). These studies revealed higher activity of various metabolites in gall tissue, especially near the nutritive zone. Relatively higher amount of metabolites sugested altered metabolism of the host tissue due to Pathogenesis. A functional elaboration in the cells closer to the feeding site of the cecidozoan during cecidogenesis was evident. Also, a different response of metabolites and enzymes at cellular level of the host proved advantageous to the insect toward gall formation. Most of the plants of Terminalia arjuna were found to be heavily galled during the months of March to June.
Key words: Enzymes; Histochemical; Stem gall; Metabolites, Terminalia arjuna.
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Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinally Important Arid Zone Plants
R. Singh1, S.C. Jain1 and R. Jain2
1 Medicinal Plants and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.), India. 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.), India.
Abstract: Arid zone of Rajasthan has its own importance and specific characteristic with respect to endemic and a large number of plants of economic importance and medicinal use. Dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of twelve arid zone plants (Aerva tomentosa Forsk., Gisekia pharnaceioides L., Heliotropium marifolium Retz., Lepidagathis trinervis Nees., Mimosa hamata Willd., Mollugo nudicaulis Lam., Polycarpea corymbosa Lam., Portulaca pilosa L., Sericostoma pauciflorum Stocks. ex Wight., Trianthema decandra L., Tribulus terrestris L. and Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. fil ex Gray), used in Indian phytotherapy for the treatment of inflammation, jaundice, urinary disorders and other kidney problems were screened in vitro for antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. All the methanolic extracts of the selected plant species exhibited appreciable activity as compared to the dichloromethane extracts, among these A. tomentosa, H. marifolium, M. nudicaulis, P. corymbosa and M. hamata exhibited higher antioxidant activity with 6.5 µg/ml RC50 value.
Key words: Arid zone plants, antioxidant activity, DPPH, % inhibition.
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Development of Clean Burning Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines
Rajesh Kumar Pandey1, A.Rehman1, R.M.Sarviya1, Savita Dixit2
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.); India 2 Department of Applied Chemistry, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.); India
Abstract: Diesel engines are used for automotive application because they have lower specific fuel consumption and superior efficiency compared to S.I engines. However in spite of these advantages NOx and smoke emissions from the diesel engines cause serious environmental problems. Pure vegetable oil poses some problems when subjected to prolong use in diesel engines. The problems are attributed to its high viscosity and low volatility. These problems can be minimized by the process of transesterification. In this study the transesterification reaction of refined coconut oil carried out with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to produce methyl ester of biodiesel. The products were evaluated by comparing physical characteristics of biodiesel to conventional diesel oil. These characteristics included specific gravity, density, viscosity, pour point, flash point, fire point, heating value, etc. The biodiesel then tested in a diesel engine to observe their actual performance and emissions.Transesterified coconut oil has exhibited performance very close to that of diesel fuel with reduction in exhaust emissions, the critical reviews conducted on the different aspects of the vegetable oil as substitute fuel for diesel engine including its properties and their effects on performance and emission characteristics.
Key words: Coconut oil, Kinematic viscosity, Calorific value, Compression ratio, Brake thermal efficiency.
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Some Preliminary Observations on the Toxicity of Rayon Factory Effluents on Aquatic Fauna
G. Benarjee, B. Narayana Rao, K. Srikanth and G. Ramu
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal-506 009 (A.P.); India.
Abstract: The aquatic fauna, Fish, Unio, Crab and Snail were exposed to various concentrations of Rayon Factory Effluents at different time intervals with a view to check the percentage of mortality which is induced by the effluents. Among the aquatic fauna used for toxicity evaluation it is observed that the Unio are more susceptible followed by Snail, Crab and Fish which have almost equal tolerance. By the observations made in the present study suggest that the Rayon Factory Effluents are toxic, therefore these effluents should not be released directly out side with out treatment
Key words: Aquatic fauna, Rayon factory, Effluents, Toxicity
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Study on Hypolipidemic Activity of Cassia fistula. Legume in Rats
Uttam Chand Gupta1 and G.C. Jain2
1. Department of Zoology, Seth G.B. Podar College, Nawalgarh, Dist. Jhunjhunu (Raj.); India. 2. Reproductive Physiology Laboratory Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.); India.
Abstract: The effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula Linn. (Family: fabaceae) legume was assessed on serum lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats. Oral feeding of cholesterol (500 mg/kg b.wt./day) dissolved in coconut oil (0.5 ml/rat/day) for 90 days caused a significant (P<0.001) elevation in total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipid in serum of rats. Administration of C. fistula legume extract at the doses 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day along with cholesterol significantly prevented the rise in the serum total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipid in a dose dependent manner. The ratio of HDL-cholesterol / total cholesterol ratio was elevated in serum of C. fistula extract treated groups as compared to cholesterol alone fed control rats.
Key words : Cassia fistula, Hypolipidemic effect, Cholesterol, Rats.
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Phenols with their Oxidizing Enzymes in Defence against Black Spot of Rose (Rosa centifolia)
S. Khatun, P.K. Bandyopadhyay and N.C. Chatterjee
Mycology & Plant Pathology Laboratory, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104 (West Bengal); India.
Key words: Peroxidase, Polyphenol oxidase, Total phenol, Rosa centifolia, Alternaria tenuis.
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P.K. Bandyopadhyay, S. Khatun and N.C. Chatterjee
Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104 (West Bengal); India.
Abstract: Based on gut content analysis, Alternaria humicola and Cladosporium cladosporioides were found as the most prevalent fungi in the gut of Acarina and Collembola respectively .Altogether 21fungal species were isolated and identified. Out of which 10 were common to both Acarina and Collembola. Among 21 isolates 18 obtained from Acarina and 13 from Collembola. Acarines and Collembolan species showed different feeding habits and strategies. Oppia yodai was found to be truely fungivorous and Gamasiphis benghalensis was completely predatory in nature. Out of the 10 Collembolan species Lepidocyrtus medius is an obligatory fungivorous species and Proisotoma sp. showed facultative predatory habits. Despite preferences for certain fungal species most oribatid mites are best considered as ‘choosy generalists’ whereas the Collembola may be conversely considered as ‘selective’ opportunistic feeder.
Key words: Fungivory, Collembola,Acarina,Gut analysis.
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Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!
Rahul Gupta1, Samta Johri2 and A.M. Saxena1
1 Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007 (U.P.); India. 2 Department of Zoology, Mahila PG College, Lucknow (U.P.); India.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Body mass index, Diet, Lifestyle management, Traditional medicinal plants.
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Comparative Study of Defluoridation Technologies in India
Brajesh K. Shrivastava and A. Vani
Department of Chemistry, O.P. Jindal Institute of Technology, Raigarh; India
Abstract: Present study was undertaken to analyze and select most appropriate method for removal of fluorides in rural areas. Five methods were analyzed in details with mechanism and limitations.The methods are: Activated Alumina, Red Mud, Montmorillonite, Nalagonda Technique and Magnesia. The Study reveals that magnesia is the most appropriate fluoride treatment device for rural areas.
Key words: Montmorillonite,TDS, Nalagonda, Micropores,Regeneration.
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Klimakatastrophes (Climate Disasters)
John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Abstract: Humankind has entered an era of mutually interacting disasters due to overconsumption, resource scarcity, overpopulation, and greenhouse gas emissions that exceed Earth's assimilative capacity. If assimilative capacity for carbon dioxide is exceeded, the gas will accumulate in the atmosphere and produce an alien planet that differs markedly from the climate in which humankind developed and flourished. Other life forms that collectively comprise the biospheric life support system have already been impoverished (nearly one-third of biodiversity is already lost) with catastrophic consequences. Resources are already being used well beyond Earth's regenerative capacity, which is being reduced by rapid climate change. The cornucopian perception of Earth, which has never really been justified, is no longer viable on a finite planet with finite resources that will diminish in an era of klimakatastrophe. Immediate action on greenhouse gas emissions is urgently needed since the rate of climate change greatly exceeds initial predictions because the effects of positive feedbacks are now better understood. At present, nation-states are unable to protect their citizens from klimakatastrophes because they have no robust global goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to match Earth's assimilative capacity for them. Inevitably, the situation will worsen until greenhouse gas emissions and assimilative capacity are brought into balance.
Keywords: Climate disasters, Resource wars, Food shortages, Sovereignty, Overconsumption, Greenhouse gas emissions, Environmental mitigation.
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Is Homo sapiens Just Another Stochastic Event in the History of Life on Earth?
John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Abstract: Surprisingly, mass extinctions probably account for the disappearance of less than 5% of all extinct species – 95% of species extinctions occur between mass extinctions. In short, extinction can occur at any time in Earth’s history. The concept of sustainable use of the planet assumes that humans can live on the planet indefinitely – or at least until the sun dies. However, human production of greenhouse gases is resulting in rapid climate change that threatens human society globally. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions are increasing markedly, and no agreement has been reached on specific goals for reducing emissions. Finally, coal is being used to replace diminishing supplies of petroleum, despite evidence that coal produces about twice as many greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy produced than petroleum. Although alternative sources of energy (e.g., wind, solar, geothermal) are becoming increasingly popular, humankind’s primary source of energy is fossil fuels. Global climate change resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions has already affected food production, water supplies, natural habitat, and human security. Climate change and other types of habitat destruction threaten the biospheric life support system upon which human survival depends. All these issues suggest that Homo sapiens may be just another stochastic event that is adversely affecting life on Earth.
Key words: Extinction of Homo sapiens, Climate instability, Major global extinctions, Social evolution, Anti-intellectualism, Short time for social change.
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G.V. Mali and M.G. Bodhankar*
Department of Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth's M.B.S.K. Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Kadegaon, Dist. Sangli-415304 (Maharashtra); India. * P.G. Department of Microbiology, B.V.U. Yashwantrao Mohite College, Erandawane, Pune-411038 (Maharashtra); India.
Abstract: A total number of 25 isolates of Azotobacter chroococcum from the rhizosphere soil of groundnut of different varieties from different localities of Sangli District were tested for their ability to produce antifungal metabolites and phytohormones- IAA & gibberellins. Out of these, isolates KG2, KG3 and KG5 were found to be more significant as compared with others. KG 2 exhibited activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terrus and Fusarium oxysporum and produced IAA and Gibberellins in 55 g/ml and 50 g/ml amount respectively; KG3 exhibited activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terrus and produced IAA and Gibberellins in 56 g/ml and 58 g/ml amount respectively whereas KG5 exhibited activity against Aspergillus terrus, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum and produced IAA and Gibberellins in 53 g/ml and 62 g/ml amount respectively. Therefore, these three isolates could be successfully exploited to control fungal phytopathogens in the root region and to enhance seed germination of groundnut in order to increase the yield.
Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum , Antifungal metabolites, Indole acetic acid, gibberellins, groundnut.
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Impact of Leather Dyes on Total Protein of Fresh Water Teleost, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.).
S. Afaq and K.S. Rana
Department of Zoology, Agra Collage, Agra (U.P.); India. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar University Agra (U.P.); India.
Abstract: The present investigation shows that the serum total protein activity shows decreasing trend on exposure to Bismarck brown and Acid leather brown at different time intervals (24 hrs, 48 hrs, 96 hrs and 1 week) and at all three concentrations (0.6 mg/l, 0.7 mg/l, 0.8 mg/l, 8 mg/l, 9 mg/l and 10 mg/l). However the effect was more with acid leather brown than Bismarck brown. The decrement in total protein may be due to total protein treatment in attribute to abnormalities in fat deposit cell of serum and this disturbing the protein metabolism.
Keywords: Total protein, Leather Dyes, Decrease, Cirrhinus mrigala, Abnormalities, Metabolism.
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Effect of Split Application of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Aerobic Rice
K. Sathiya and T. Ramesh
Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003 (Tamil Nadu); India.
Abstract: Aerobic rice is a new system of cultivation gaining importance under water constraint situations and research on optimum dose and time of nitrogen application is timely warranted. Field experiment was carried out at Wetland Farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during kharif, 2006 to study the effect of different split doses of nitrogen, Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) and Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) based nitrogen management on growth and yield of aerobic rice. The results showed that nitrogen management at LCC value of 4 (150 kg N ha-1) produced significantly higher tillers (369.3 m-2) at maximum tillering stage, plant height (81.7 cm) at maturity, dry matter at flowering (5.71 t ha-1) and grain yield (2915 kg ha-1) than LCC value of 3 that produced grain yield of 2211 kg ha-1. Soil test crop response based nitrogen application produced markedly lower grain yield (2475 kg ha-1) than the LCC value 4 of nitrogen management. Among the different split doses of nitrogen, application of 150 kg N ha-1 in four splits – 1/6 at 15 DAS, 1/3 at tillering, 1/3 at PI, 1/6 at flowering recorded higher tillers (361 m-2), plant height (77.0 cm), dry matter at flowering (5.20 t ha-1) and grain yield (2827 kg ha-1) over four equal splits where the grain yield was 2673 kg ha-1. Four splits (1/5 at 15 DAS, 1/5 at tillering, 2/5 at PI, 1/5 at flowering) of 150 N ha-1 also recorded comparable yield of 2783 kg ha-1 than other split doses. Thus, nitrogen application with LCC value of 4 or application of 150 kg N ha-1 in four splits – 1/6 at 15 DAS, 1/3 at tillering, 1/3 at PI, 1/6 at flowering is considered a suitable nitrogen management technique in aerobic rice cultivation at Coimbatore.
Keywords: Aerobic rice, nitrogen, split application, grain yield.
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Mukesh Sharma* and Meenakshi Sharma
Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004 (Raj.); India.
Abstract: Environmental factors play an important role in the growth and sporulation of keratinophilic fungi. Fungi grow best at optimum temperature and related humidity. Both the factors govern metabolic activities of growing organism. The extremely high and very low temperature decreases the growth of keratinophilic fungi. But in case of humidity the increase level of relative humidity shows excellent growth and decrease level of humidity shows poor growth and sporulation of fungi. In the present study various temperature regimes i.e. 0°, 5°,10°, 15°, 20°,25°,28°,30°,35°, 40°, 45°C and different relative humidity i.e. 11.05%, 22.45%, 33.00%, 50.00%, 62.00%, 75.00%, 95.00% were used to evaluate the growth and sporulation of Chrysosporium tropicum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Both keratinophilic fungi isolated from public parks soil. These fungi showed their maximum growth at 28-30°C temperature and best sporulation at 25°C-35°C temperature. On the other hand Chrysosporium tropicum showed maximum growth at 75.00% relative humidity and best sporulation at 50-95% relative humidity. Trichophyton mentagrophytes showed maximum growth at 95.00% relative humidity and excellent sporulation at 62-95% relative humidity.
Key words: Environmental factors, Keratinophilic fungi, Temperature, Relative humidity.
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Preeti Gupta
Department of Zoology, Vedic Kanya P.G. College, Raja Park, Jaipur (Raj.); India.
Abstract: Petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Catharanthus roseus when subjected to mouse uterotrophic test proved to be antiestrogenic when administered alone. It also inhibits the estrogen induced gain in the uterine weight when administered along with estradiol 17 β. Keeping these results in view the leaf extract was injected intramuscularly at the daily dose of 2, 5, 10 mg/day/mouse from day 7 to 9 postcoitum to mated females. The 10 mg dose proved to be highly effective in suppressing preganancy, while the 2 mg and 5 mg doses proved to be subeffective.
Keywords : Petroleum ether, Uterine weight, Corpora lutea, Plants, Uterotrophic.
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Study of Antistress Activity of NR-A2 in Active Anaphylaxis-Induced Allergic Rats
Meera Sumanth
Visweswarpura Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22nd Main, 24th cross, Banashankari IInd Stage, Bangalore-560 070 (Karnataka); India.
Abstract: NR-A2, is a polyherbal formulation of Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, developed for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. A new experimental model was developed to study the antistress activity of NR-A2 in allergic condition. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Group I (Control I) and Group II (Control II or Stressed control) animals received distilled water p.o. for 30 days. Group III animals received NR-A2 250 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days and Group IV animals received Ocimum sanctum, 100 mg/kg i.p. on last day. The rats of group II, III and IV were sensitized on 17th day of 30 days treatment with subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml horse serum and 0.5 ml of triple antigen containing 20,000 million B. purtussis organism s.c. All the animals were subjected to stress by Swim endurance on the last day after 1 hour of last dose of drugs and rechallenged with 0.5 ml horse serum and 0.5 ml triple antigen i.p. At the end of swim endurance test, plasma corticosterone estimation was done. Active anaphylaxis induced animals showed significantly increased levels of stress. NR-A2 treated rats showed a significant increase in swimming time and reduction of the increased levels of Plasma corticosterone as compared to sensitized control rats.
Key words: NR-A2, Active anaphylaxis, Antistress activity, Plasma corticosterone, Swimming time
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Some Consequences of the Inability to Halt Global Climate Change
John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Abstract: What kind of a world does humankind want? If it is one that closely resembles the one we have it is essential to avoid the consequences of “business as usual.” The biological diversity now present constitutes the biospheric life support system that has maintained conditions favorable to the genus Homo for approximately two million years. The precise location of both ecological and societal tipping points is not discernable until they have been passed. In short, the consequences, once tipping points have been passed, are not reversible in time frames of interest to humans. Taking precautions to avoid passing tipping points and thus avoiding the consequences that might well make the planet less habitable for humans seems prudent. All the consequences are interrelated and there are usually interactions between them, which means coping with the problems at a system level. When a tipping point is passed, some consequences are predictable; others are not. However, the consequences already seen are dangerous to humankind, and the dangers lurking beyond the next global, climatic tipping point are likely to be catastrophic.
Keywords: Financial crisis, Tipping points, Ecological debt, Ignorance, Life support system, Extinction.
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Navnit Jha1, Bhupendra K. Sharma1 and R.C. Chaudhary2
1 Mathematics Group, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani-333031 (Raj.); India. 2 Department of Mathematics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.); India.
Abstract: The formulation of quarter sweep alternating decomposition explicit iterative (QSADEI) method for the numerical solution of the non linear singular equations is discussed in this paper. The concept of QSADEI method was inspired via combination between the quarter sweep iterative and alternating decomposition explicit iterative (ADEI) methods. The proposed QSADEI method shows the superiority over the corresponding Gauss seidal iterative method. The method is applicable to problems both in Cartesian and polar coordinates. The convergence analysis is briefly discussed. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the proposed method.
Keywords: Full-, Half-, Quarter-sweep methods, Alternating Decomposition explicit method, Fourth order method, Singular equations, Burger’s equations, RMS errors.
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Toxic Metal (Cd) Removal from Soil by AM Fungi Inoculated Sorghum
Kalpana Arora and Satyawati Sharma
Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016; India.
Abstract: Health hazards posed by the accumulation of toxic metals in the environment accompanied by the high cost of removal and replacement of metal polluted soil have prompted efforts to develop bioremediation strategies. This green house study was carried out with ‘Jowar’ (Sorghum vulgare) aimed to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) colonization on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) from artificially contaminated soil. Plants of S. vulgare were grown in AM and non AM inoculated substrate and subjected five soil- [Cd] concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 5.0%). The inoculation of AM Fungi resulted in significantly better absorption and accumulation of Cd by Sorghum. Compared to non-AM inculated treatments the percent increase in Cd accumulation was 47.1%, 45.2%, 35.7%, 33.9% and 23.5% for 0.1%, 0.2%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 5.0% respectively after 80 days of treatment. As for growth parameters were studied, there were significant differences between treatments. Soil pH was significantly lower in non-AM than AM treatments at the highest soil- [Cd]. The results indicated possible exploitation of AM colonization for better metal accumulation in plant for phytoremediaation purpose.
Key words: AM fungi, Bioremediation, Phytoremediation, Sorghum vulgare Heavy metals, Cadmium.
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Urokinase: An Enzyme Linking Kidney and Lung Function
Manoj G Tyagi
Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore-632002 (Tamil Nadu); India.
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Thermal Effects of Mobile Phone on Tissue
D. Rezaei Ochbelagh1, A. Borhanifar1 and A. Asadi1
Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract: The photons (electromagnetic waves) are scattered by tissues. After scattering the absorbed energy cases molecule vibration and the phonon created. In this paper interaction of photon with tissue has been verified. Assumed a photon interacts with tissue and creates a phonon. Therefore, transferred energy causes to increase temperature. Rising of temperature with photon frequency has been calculated and draw on a curve. In addition, number of photon interaction with tissue elements calculated in one cm3, when incident power is 2W. The effects of incident power on absorbed energy and rising temperature have been depicted on the final section.
Keywords: Mobile Phone, Non-ionizing, SAR, Photon, Phonon, Tissue. PACS codes : 44.40.+a, 44.90.+c
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Investigation of Collimator Effect on Full-Width at Half-Maximum of NaI(Tl) Detector
D. Rezaei Ochbelagh
Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardebily, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract: The interaction process of gamma rays in various media results in complete absorption, elastic scattering and inelastic scattering of incident photons. Photon interactions are due to photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and pair production processes. There are higher-orders processes occur due to large number of secondary radiation produced in the first encounter and are known as multiply Compton scattered radiations. Collimator dimension and interaction probability of radiation play important role on Compton scattered radiation counts. In this study the Monte Carlo simulation used for generation of theoretical data. Therefore, at the first the system geometry has been defined by Monte Carlo simulation. Two 137Cs gamma apart sources and a NaI(Tl) detector with 2" diameter used to study collimator effect on FWHM (full-width at half-Maximum). Theoretical results show, the FWHM is function of geometrical arrangement radioactive sources and detector, collimator dimension. The present study depicted optimum thickness for lead collimator with a 3mm diameter bore radius (circular section parallel holed) is 2cm. these results have been obtained by 2" NaI(Tl) detector. There are different approaches to account for the multiply scattering of gamma rays in a material. It is difficult to determine collimator dimensions due to complicated nature of the scattering process and differing geometrical constraints. Monte Carlo methods can be used to determine different parameters such as bore radius of collimator and distance of detector from source. In order to obtain optimize FWHM on a detector type the proper bore radius must be defined for each collimator thickness.
Key words: Monte Carlo, Collimator, NaI(Tl) detector, Scintillator, FWHM, Gamma. PACS: 21.60.Ka, 25.20.Dc, 29.30.Kv, 29.40.Mc
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