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CONTENTS YEAR 2008
Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 177-181
John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Abstract : The day will probably come when descendants of the human race will look back at the planet their ancestors lived on and view it as a paradise compared to the hostile, alien planet they will inhabit then. The genus Homo has been on the planet for about two million years and Homo sapiens for about 160,000 years. Both existed as a small group species spread thinly over Earth. In the last two centuries, explosive population growth has occurred in Homo sapiens, far exceeding Earth's carrying capacity (i.e., ecological overshoot). The human population in 2008 is approximately 6.6 billion and is still growing at about 1.5 million individuals each week. This growth in population has been made possible by fossil fuel, which fostered technological development that enabled extraction of natural resources much more rapidly than Earth could regenerate them. The Agricultural Revolution provided abundant food, partly because of domestication of plants and animals and partly because of the development of agribusiness based on abundant, cheap energy. The belief in perpetual economic growth was based on the assumption that depletion of a resource was not a crucial problem because human ingenuity and creativity would always provide a substitute. Economic growth almost always took precedence over preservation of the biospheric life support system, which maintains conditions favorable to Homo sapiens. Anyone who thinks these trends can continue on a finite planet is delusional. Global climate change (e.g., droughts, disease transmission, melting glaciers) has already caused hardship in many different geographic locations on the planet. The present era is clearly an evolutionarily defining one for the human species, but, the precautionary measures currently being undertaken are not congruent with the scale of the problem. Key word : Posterity, Carrying capacity, Ecological overshoot, Economic growth, Overpopulation, Resource depletion, Sustainability, Klimakatastrophe.
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Terrorist Attacks vs Cultural Suicide: Which Most Threatens Human Survival? John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Abstract : On September 11, 2001, terrorists commandeered four commercial airliners and crashed two into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; the third crashed into the Pentagon near Washington, DC; and, in the fourth, some airline passengers resisted the terrorists and the plane crashed in a rural area of Pennsylvania.Since then, the United States has had an almost obsessional fear of terrorists.Former New York City Major Rudy Guliani even used the events of September 11 as a centerpiece in his failed political campaign for the US presidency.Terrorist acts do kill many people and are given much attention in the US news media.However, global climate change and other factors, such as exponential human population growth, have the potential to cause millions, even billions, of deaths – many more than the hundreds and thousands being killed by terrorists.This chapter attempts to put the cultural risks in perspective and to propose that inadequate social evolution has placed humankind in a more precarious situation than any terrorist attack could possibly do.What humans are doing to themselves is far more threatening than anything that terrorists have accomplished so far. Key word : Terrorist Attacks, Cultural Suicide, Human Survival
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 189-196Review Pathogenesis-Related Proteins for the Plant Protection V. Borad, S. Sriram*
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Nirma University of Science and Technology, Ahmadabad (Gujarat); India Abstract : Fungi are far more complex organisms than viruses or bacteria and can developed numerous diseases in plants that cause loss of big portion of the crop every year. Plants have developed various mechanisms to defend themselves against these fungi which include the production of low molecular weight secondary metabolites, proteins and peptides having antifungal activity. In this review, brief information like biochemistry, source, regulation of gene expression, mode of action of defense mechanism of various pathogenesis-related proteins is given. Proteins include pathogenesis-related protein 1, β-glucanases, chitinases, chitin binding protein, thaumatine like protein, glycine-histidine rich proteins, ribosome inactivating protein, and some newly discovered antifungal proteins. Key word : Pathogenesis-related Proteins, β-Glucanase, Chitinases, Thaumatine like protein, Glycine-histidine rich proteins and Ribosome inactivating protein.
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Experimental Emissions and Computational Flux Data for Environmental Protection Telemachus Koliopoulos1, Georgia Koliopoulou2
1 Environmental Consultancy, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece. 2 Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece. Absract : A risk assessment computational base for the proper monitoring of landfill gas migration control is presented, avoiding any associated risks next to landfill boundaries. A quantitative spatial analysis is presented for landfill gas advection velocity's variations, based on the field data of Mid Auchencarroch experimental landfill project. In this paper, are investigated the spatial dynamic thresholds of landfill migration quantities with the aid of comparative computational flux data. The presented results are useful for the proper efficiently lined and maintained biogas monitoring control system in order to avoid any associated environmental impacts protecting flora, fauna, anthropogenic properties and public health. Key word : risk analysis; solid waste management; landfill gas; environmental impact assessment; numerical modeling; spatial analysis; lining methods; public health.
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R. K. Gothwal*1, V. K. Nigam1, M. K. Mohan1, D. Sasmal2 and P. Ghosh1
1 Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Statue Circle, Jaipur - 302 001, Rajasthan (India) 2 Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi- 835 215, Jharkhand (India) Absract : More than thirty rhizobacterial isolates from two ecologically important plant species of Thar Desert were evaluated for their plant growth promontory effects in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length elongation and total biomass production. Isolates T-1 from Calligonum polygonoides and TS-2 from Lasiurus sindicus respectively were observed as effective seed germination inducers. Up to 37.5% increase over control was detected in shoot length with isolates T-4 and TS-10, whereas maximum root length inducing effect was found with isolates T-4 and TS-1. The total biomass production was highest with isolates T-4 (23.8 mg) in case of C. polygonoides and TS-12 (22.1 mg) in case of L. sindicus, respectively. Key word : Rhizobacteria, plant growth promontory activities, North Western hot arid region, Calligonum polygonoides, Lasiurus sindicus.
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Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Developed Mono and Polyherbal Formulations P.K. Jain and R.K. Agrawal*
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.); India Abstract : The antioxidant properties of developed mono and polyherbal tablet formulations viz. Withatab, Asparatab, Centab and Ascenwitthat probably involve free radical mechanisms, were evaluated by the methods, namely the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, Super oxide scavenging assay, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and ABTS (2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assay. The standardized methanol extract from Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus and Centella asiatica was used for formulation of tablets. DPPH and Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the formulations was in order of Ascenwit > Centab > Asparatab> Withatab. The Nitric oxide radical activity was found in order of Ascenwit > Withatab > Centab > Asparatab. The Ascenwit was most active in the ABTS assay with an IC50 value of 99.56 g/mL followed by Centab and Withatab with IC50 value of 188.39 g/mL and 293.48 g/mL. The minimum ABTS radical scavenging activity showed by Asparatab with IC50 value of 391.61 g/mL.The present studies suggest that all the developed formulations have moderate to potent antioxidant activity. In comparison to individual formulations, Ascenwit was superior antioxidant in all the models tested. Key word : Antioxidant activity, Ascenwit, ABTS radical, DPPH radical.
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Influence of VAM on Nutrient Uptake and Growth of Custard-apple S. Ojha1, M.R. Chakraborty2, S. Dutta1 and N.C. Chatterjee1
1. Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104; (W.B.); India 2. Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, Nadia, (W.B.); India Abstract : Custard-apple (Annona squamosa L.), belonging to the family Annonaceae, is one of the important tropical fruits of our country. Responses of a mycorrhizal fungus on phosphorus uptake by the plant with its corresponding growth parameters and chlorophyll content at different developmental phases have been studied by inoculating the seedlings with Glomus fasciculatum. The result indicates that symbiotic association of mycorrhizal fungus amounts to greater uptake of phosphorus and increased chlorophyll content in VAM treated plants than non mycorrhizal plants which gradually happened to be maintained throughout their developmental stages. Different growth parameters like height of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the roots and shoots were observed to be significantly high in G. fasciculatum treated plants compared to the respective controls. The quantum of herbage in VAM treated plants may possibly be due to enhanced uptake of essential mineral nutrients. Key word : Custard-apple, VAM fungi, Nutrient uptake, Growth
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Studies of As2O3 Poisoning on Protein, RNA and Glycogen of Albino Rats N.P. Dubey1*, H.S.Maheshwari1, S.K. Jain2 and A.C. Rana3
1 State Forensic Science Laboratotory, CID, Bihar, Patna 2 Department of Zoology, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar-470003 (M.P.); India. 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar-470003 (M.P.); India. * Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar-470003 (M.P.); India. Abstract : The toxic effects of arsenic compounds are known since ancient times and they have been associated with criminal poisoning for many centuries. The present study deals with the estimation of protein, RNA and glycogen contents in liver, kidney and brain of albino rat after the As2O3administration. Albino rats were given arsenic trioxide (0.2mg/100 gm body weight/day) orally. The animals were sacrificed after 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of poison administration, their liver, kidney and brain were removed, and processed for the estimation of soluble protein, RNA and glycogen contents. The results obtained were compared with control sample. The results of the study show a significant depletion of protein, RNA and glycogen contents in brain, liver and kidney during the early phase of poison administration, which became prominent during the later period. It is probably due to the inhibitory action of As2O3 on protein, RNA and carbohydrate synthesis or stimulation of catabolism through some enzyme reaction. Key word : Arsenic trioxide, Albino rat, protein, RNA and glycogen.
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Pharmacological Screening of Wrightia tinctoria Bark Hydro-Alcoholic Extract P. Bigoniya1*, A. Shukla1, G.P. Agrawal2 and A.C. Rana3
1. Radharaman College of Pharmacy Radharaman Group of Institutes, Ratibad, Bhopal (M.P.); India 2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.); India 3. B.N College of Pharmacy B.N Group of Colleges, Udaipur (Raj.); India Abstract : The objective of the present study was to investigate the pharmacological profile of hydro-alcoholic extract of Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb) R. Br. Linn., (Family- Apocynaceae) in mice and rats using various models. The effects of the extract were observed in three different dose levels 300, 500 & 1000 mg/kg as extract does not show any sign of toxicity up to 3000 mg/kg dose. Investigations were carried out against thermal, chemical and mechanical noxious stimuli to study antinociceptive activity and on pentobarbitone induce hypnosis. Carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model were employed to test anti-inflammatory activity. The parameters taken for diuretic activity was urine volume and renal excretion of Na+, Cl and K+ ions. Study revealed moderate analgesic effect against thermal (P<0.001 to 0.01) and chemical (p < 0.05) noxious stimuli and anti-inflammatory activity (P<0.001 to 0.01) at the 1000 mg/kg dose. Extract is devoid of any sedative activity. W. tinctoria extract considerably increases urine volume, acting as strong kaliuretic. Key word : Wrightia tinctoria, Antinociceptive, Antiinflammatory, Hypnosis, Diuretic, Kaliuretic.
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Assessment of Air-borne Bacteria of Urban Grain-market Area Karuna S. Verma1 and Apurva K. Pathak2*
1. Aeroallergens and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur-482001 (M.P.); India 2. Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Modern Dental College & Research Center, Indore (M.P.)-453112, India. Abstract : Generations of dust consisting bio-particle are common phenomenon during the post harvesting processing and handling of farm commodities. These organic dusts are responsible for generation of many respiratory disorders. The present study was done to identified, enumerate and differentiate the respirable and non-respirable fraction of gram-negative and total type of bacteria based on seasonality and other environment factors. A model has also been prepared by using Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis in order to predict the amount of bacteria with relation to environment factors. Key word : Air-borne bacteria, Respiratory disorder, Environmental factors, Prediction.
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Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Tasar Silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta.D G. Shamitha and A. Purushotham Rao
Department of Zoology Kakatiya University Warangal-506009 (A.P.); India Abstract : Antheraea mylitta.D. is a wild sericigenous and polyphagous insect which feeds on Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia tomentosa. It has an exclusive race in this region known as Andhra local. Due to certain weaknesses in acclimatization at different stages, this ecorace is showing signs of extinction. Present communication is based on indoor rearing of Andhra local and studies on morphological and physiological aspects of egg, larva, moth, pupa, cocoon and fibre quality. A comparison was made on the effect of various levels of gamma irradiation on the moth of irradiated cocoons. The effect of irradiation on moth and pupal duration was also observed. The results have shown that the moths of indoor rearing are at par with that of outdoor reared ones. Irradiation of cocoons during diapause showed a dose-dependent, significant reduction with 5 GY (500), 7.5 GY (750) and 10 GY (1000) RADS, in the pupal duration and increase in the duration of the moth stage. The irradiated cocoons have also shown changes in filament structure. Key word : Antheraea mylitta, Indoor rearing, Gamma irradiation, Moth and pupa.
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G. Shamitha and A. Purushotham Rao
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506009 (A.P.); India Abstract : Antheraea mylitta Drury is a species widely distributed from West Bengal in the East to Karnataka in the South. Andhra local ecorace is a tropical tasar variety available only in the state of Andhra Pradesh. In spite of its superior commercial characters due to certain weaknesses the development of this ecorace found not keep pace with the exotic races. As a measure of preservation of this ecorace, an attempt has been made for its total indoor rearing. In this communication a comparative account of lactic acid and pyruvic acid has been reported from the pupae of outdoor and total indoor reared tasar silkworm. The biochemical estimations have revealed certain interesting findings. More pyruvic acid in the fat body of indoor reared pupae suggests a positive feedback for indoor rearing of tasar worms as pyruvic acid occupies a central position in the metabolism, linking the metabolic pathways of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Key word : Indoor and outdoor rearing, diapause pupae, lactic acid and pyruvic acid, anaerobic respiration.
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In silico Characterization of Silk Fibroin Protein using Computational Tools and Servers K.V. Ashokan1 and M.M. Pillai2
1 Department of Biological Science, P.V.P College, K. Mahnakl, Sangli - 416405 (Maharashtra); India. 2 Head, Department of Biotechnology, KIT’s College of Engineering, Gokul Shirgaon, Kolhapur (Maharashtra); India. Abstract : In this paper, ten different silk fibroin proteins (SFs) retrieved from Swiss-Prot database are analyzed and characterized using In silico tools. Primary structure analysis shows that all the SFs are hydrophobic in nature due to the high content of non-polar residues. The presence of very few or lack of cystein in SFs shows that disulphide links are absent in the silk fibroin proteins. The presence of extensive hydrogen bonds may provide the stability to protein in absence of disulphide bonds. The aliphatic index computed by ExPasy's ProtParam infers that SFs may be stable at wide range of temperature. Secondary structure analysis shows that most of the SFs have predominant -helical structure, some have -helical structure and the rest shows mixed secondary structure. The very high coil structural content of wild silk moth, nursery web spider and earth bumble bee is due to the rich content of highly flexible glycine and hydrophobic alanine amino acids. SOSUI server predicts one transmembrane region in wild silk moth, silk moth and pine moth SFs. The predicted transmembrane regions were visualized and analyzed using helical wheel plots generated by EMBOSS pepwheel tool. The absence of disulphide bonds in SFs were confirmed by SYC_REC tool and from 3- Dimensional structure created by Rasmol tool. The cytein position identified by Rasmol tool might be correct as the evaluation parameters are within the acceptable limits for the modeled 3D structure. Key word : Silk fibroin protein; Computational analysis; Homology modeling; Proteomic tools.
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Navin Kumar and Sandeep Gupta
Department of Mathematics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan; India Abstract : The effects of variable permeability on unsteady two-dimensional free-convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through a porous medium bounded by a vertical porous surface are investigated. The velocity and temperature distributions are derived, discussed and their profiles for various values of physical parameters are shown through graphs. Also the coefficient of skin-friction and coefficient of heat transfer at the surface are derived, discussed numerically and their numerical values for various values of physical parameters are presented through tables. Key word : Variable permeability, Unsteady, free-convection, Porous medium.
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Suguna Devakumari M and D. Augustine Selvaseelan
Department of Environmental Sciences, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003 (TN); India Abstract : In this investigation productivity of Cumbu Napier (CO- 3) fodder grass under effluent irrigation and solid waste application was evaluated. The field experiment with solid waste incorporation coupled with effluent irrigation for Cumbu Napier grass revealed that effluent irrigation increased the biomass yield of the grass by 7.35 % in the second harvest and 10.35 % in the third harvests over well water irrigation, even though, lower yield was obtained in the first harvest due to initial establishment problem under effluent irrigation. This suggests that growing Cumbu Napier grass under treated paper mill effluent for enhanced fodder production to support dairy units is a viable option which needs a positive consideration. The increase in grass biomass yield under I2T4 (Effluent irrigation coupled with Fly ash 10 t ha-1+ Bio sludge 6 t ha-1 + 75% NPK over I1T1(100% NPK) was 44.7 percent during II cutting and 52.6 percent in III cutting. The soil available N, and organic carbon were also significantly the highest under Fly ash 10 t ha-1 + Bio sludge 6 t ha-1 + 75% NPK treatment as compared to 100% NPK alone. Key word : Paper mill effluent, Cumbu Napier , Fly ash, Bio sludge, Lime sludge, vermiculite.
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Mamata Chandrakar*, Sachin Palekar, Sudhir Chirade and Shiba Almas M. Hafiz
Department of Zoology Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati-444604 (M.S.); India Abstract : High blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Daily supplementation with Aloe vera (L) stimulates immune system and improves wound healing. Study on the effect of Aloe vera (L) extract on the serum cholesterol level on male Calotes versicolor Daudin was carried out in the present study. Calotes versicolor Daudinwere made hypercholesterolemic by oral administration of cholesterol (100 mg/kg body weight/day) suspended in ground nut oil using dropper. In one month cholesterol feeding experiment, the serum cholesterol level in normal controls (not given cholesterol) was 321.333 ± 16.621mg/dl and in cholesterol fed animals 437.333 ±8.066 mg/dl. To such animals when different doses of raw extracts of Aloe vera(L.)leaves were given along with cholesterol, there was significant decrease in serum cholesterol level. Four groups of Calotes were administered Aloe vera (L) extract in four different doses (3 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. There was a significant increase in serum cholesterol levels at 1% level after feeding with high cholesterol diet. There was a significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels in all the Aloe vera (L) treated groups. Significance level is 5% for a dose of 6 mg/kg and other doses i.e. of 3 mg/kg, of 4 mg/kg & of 5 mg/kg show significant decrease at 0.1%, 0.5% and 0.2% level, respectively. Key word : Aloe vera(L.), Animal model Calotes versicolor Daudin, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypocholesterolemic effect. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 299-302
Evaluation of Persistence of IgM anti HEV in Patients with Sporadic Hepatitis E Virus Infection Nidhi Singh1, R.R. Rai1, Harsh Udawat1 and Asha Sharma2
1 Department of Gastroenterology, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur (Raj.); India 2 Department of Zoology* University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.); India Abstract : Present study is an evaluation of the persistence of IgM anti HEV in patients with acute sporadic hepatitis E virus infection. This was a prospective study carried out a tertiary care centre. The diagnosis of acute hepatitis E was based on clinical and biochemical parameters and presence of IgM anti HEV antibodies. IgM anti HEV antibodies were detected in sera (stored at -20oC) by ELISA every week till its disappearance. There were 48 patients (38 males and 10 females). The mean age was 32.8 ± 11.3 years (range: 11-64 years). There were 2 children. The mean serum bilirubin level was 8 ± 7.1 mg/dL. Mean ALT and AST levels were 596.7 8 ± 498.7 and 672.5 ± 522.9 IU/L respectively. Serum ALP levels were 410.8 ± 312.5 IU/L. IgM anti HEV could be detected in 35 patients at the end of 1st week of illness, 26 patients in second week, 15 patients at third week, 12 at fourth week, 8 at fifth week, 5 at sixth week and 4 at seventh week. The maximum persistence of IgM anti HEV was 45 days. Amongst 48 patients 2 females (non-pregnant) died due to fulminant hepatic failure. There was an exponential drop of IgM anti-HEV over weeks with maximum persistence of 45 days after the onset of icterus in acute sporadic hepatitis E patients. Key word : Hepatitis E virus, IgM, ELISA, ALT, AST
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Sahra Ghavami1 and Masood Taghizadeh2
1. Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Agriculture Zoology Research Department, Araneology Research Laboratory, Tehran - IRAN 2. Agriculture Center of Ardebil - IRAN Abstract : Spiders have a wide insect host range and thus can act as biological control agents of insect pests in agro-ecosystems. In the present study, spider fauna in the major Iranian cotton fields are being explored and dominant species which are capable of controlling cotton pests were determined during the 2003-2004 cropping season. Effects of the spider on major cotton insect pests were studied under laboratory conditions (28±2 Cº, 65±5% RH and photoperiod of 12:12(L: D) hours). Five spider species (Thanatus formicinus (Clerck), Oxyopes salticus (Hentx), Cheiracanthium erraticum (Walckenaer), Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer), Thyene imperialis (Rossi) in Tehran and two Cheiracanthium pennyi (O.P. Cambridge), Xysticus cristatus (Clerck) in Ardebil were evaluated on four cotton pests (Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Empoasca decipiens and Nezara viridula) and daily rate of feeding and host preference recorded for sixty days. Results indicate that maximum predation was observed in T. imperalis and C. pennyi on key cotton pests in Tehran and Ardebil, respectively. Key word : Spiders, Feeding, Host preference, Cotton, Predation, Tehran, Ardebil, Iran.
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Study on Phenolics and Their Oxidative Enzyme in Capsicum annuum L Infected with Geminivirus Rishi Kesh Meena*, Vidya Patni and D.K. Arora
Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004 (Raj.); India Abstract : The contents of total phenol, o-dihydroxyphenol, peroxidase and poly phenoloxidase were recorded in healthy and diseased leaf of chilli. The total phenols were found to be higher in diseased leaves as compared to those of healthy leaves where as lower o-dihydroxy phenols were recorded. Enhanced peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activities found to occur in diseased leaves as compared to healthy leaves. Key word : Capsicum annuum, total phenol, o-dihydroxyphenol, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, chilli leaf curl disease.
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Akhilesh Jinwal1 and Savita Dixit2
1. Water Quality Laboratory Level II + WRD Bhopal-462007 (M.P.); India. 2. Applied Chemistry Department Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal-462007 (M.P.); India Abstract : Ground Water quality plays an important role in groundwater protection and quality conservation, hence it is very much important to assess the groundwater quality not only for its present use but also a potential source of water for future consumption. The study area selected was ground water of Bhopal “The city of lakes”, Madhya Pradesh, India. In the present study an attempt has been made to identify the ground water quality of the city in Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon phase in year 2007. The physico-chemical parameters like pH, Electrical conductivity, Total hardness, Total alkalinity, Chloride, Sulphate, Sodium, Potassium, Mg & Nitrate were studied to analyze the potable ground water quality of the city. Better water quality was found in Post-Monsoon season than Pre-Monsoon season. Extent of pollution occurred due to over exploitation of ground water, urbanization and anthropogenic activities. Key word : Ground Water, Water Quality, Pollution, over exploitation, Anthropogenic activities.
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Asha Sharma, Jyotsna Jain
Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302004 (Raj.); India Abstract : Effects of acrylamide on thyroid hormone levels and haematological parameters in Swiss albino mice were investigated by exposing them with 3 dose levels set below LD50. Mortality in animals was nil with a significant decrease in the mean body weight gain. The various toxic morphological effects noted were sluggish appearance, bizarre behaviour, stunted growth, reduced limb movements, diminished food and water consumption. The dose dependent decrease in the T3 and T4 levels while a consequent increase in TSH was observed in the order of E1< E2 < E3. The thyroid hormones control the skeletal and mental growth along with cell respiration, thus the above morphological toxic effects can be synchronised with the above results of T3, T4 and TSH. A decreasing pattern was also found in the haematological parameters like Hb content, erythrocyte count and haematocrit value. Since acrylamide is electrophilic in nature, binds with cystein residues and forms adducts with Hb, therefore it might have reduced the Hb content and also the erythrocyte counts in the experimental animals. In this way acrylamide completely distrubed the equilibrium of haematological and thyroid hormonal status. Since this chemical has swiftly invaded in our daily lives, a further corollary study is required to furnish the science world with better understanding regarding the usage of acrylamide. Key word : Swiss albino mice, Thyroid gland, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Thyroxine, Haemoglobin.
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Age- related Changes in Heart Tissue with Special Reference to ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase Shashi Goyal and Shaveta Bharti
Department of Zoology, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur - 342001 (Raj.); India Abstract : The scanty distribution of 5’-Nucleotidase enzyme in sections of cardiac tissue from infant in comparison to young and more marked in adult is an indication of the extent of replication process of adipocytes replacing senile and debiliting cardiac tissue. The enzyme activity is more marked in epicardium although the traces in endocardium and myocardium are also their indicating replacement of debiliting tissue through hitened replication of adipocytes. There is an increment of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity with advancement of age but distribution becomes highly uneven indicating in non uniform availability of the enzyme which can possibly explain the reduction in functional capacity due possibly to either alteration in the sequential synthesis of adenosine triphosphatase enzyme in the biochemical structural terms or differential capacity to synthesize enzyme on morphological structural terms. Key word : Heart, Age, Enzymes, Cardiac tissue, 5’-Nucleotidase, Adenosine triphosphatase. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 329-342
Pragati Rastogi1, Deepmala Mishra1, Rakhi Rastogi2, Vibhuti Sharma2 and H. S. Singh2
1. Department of Zoology, Meerut College, Meerut (U.P.); India 2. Department of Zoology, C.C.S. University, Meerut (U.P.); India Abstract : During the study of freshwater monogeneans of Meerut region, we came across single infected specimen of fish Corydoras melanistius, infected with monogeneans belonging to the genus Silurodescoides (Achmerow, 1964) Gussev, 1973. On subsequent study, the present form appears new to us and described here in as such. Three specimens of teleost fish W. attu (Family: Siluroides), and two specimens of exotic aquarium fish Puntius sutchii (Tiger shark) were found infected with several worms of a rare monogenean Silurodescoides vistulensis (Siwak, 1932), Bychowsky and Nagibina, 1957* a gill parasite of teleost fishes. The worms at the disposal of the authors exhibit differences in the number of head organs, shape of male and female reproductive organs, number and distribution of polar filaments. The shape of ventral transverse bar and structure of ventral anchor also show minute variations. Like all Ancyrocephalids, monogeneans of genus Silurodescoides are oviparous. An attempt has also been made to study the copulation biology of this parasite. The present work also involved the use of 5-Bromo indoxyl acetate to explore the nervous system of S. vistulensis (Siwak 1932) Bychowsky and Nagibina, 1957. Key word : Silurodescoides exotica, S. vistulensis, Copulation biology, Neuroanatomy
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Kamal Singh Marmit and Suman Lata Sharma
Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004. (Raj.); India Abstract : This paper reports the quantitative estimation of some metabolites and enzymes in insect induced leaf galls of Mangifera indica. The parameters assayed were total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, starch, α-amylase activity and invertase activity compared to normal tissues. Galls showed significantly higher contents of total sugar, starch, α-amylase and invertase enzymes activity and lower content of reducing sugar. Key word : Mangifera indica, Soluble sugar, Reducing sugar, Starch, α-amylase, Invertase, Enzymes.
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Effect of Leather Dyes on Packed Cell Volume of Fresh Water Teleost Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) S. Afaq and K.S. Rana
Department of Zoology, Agra College, Agra (U.P.); India Abstract : The Subleathal toxicity of two leather dyes Bismarck brown and acid leather brown on packed cell volume was investigated on fresh water teleost fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) at different time intervals (24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours and 1 week) decreasing trend was observed in Packed cell volume. However the effect was more with acid leather brown exposure than bismarck brown. Key word : Leather dyes, Cirrhinus mrigala, PVC. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 351-356
P. Krishna Rao, P.S. Srinivas Babu*, A. Daisy Rani and D.V.R. Koti Reddy
Department of Instrument Technology, College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530003 (A.P.); India. Abstract : Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is an emerging technology that may fundamentally affect every aspect of our lives. The sensor consists of bulk micromachined capacitive transducer. This capacitive transducer converts acceleration into signal of capacitance variation, and a microprocessor control unit for signal conditioning. In this paper, the structure of micro electromechanical acceleration sensor was developed with a relative simplified structure, static analysis were carried out by using FEM simulation software COVENTORWARE. The effects of stress, displacement and reaction forces on two beam bulk micromachined acceleration sensor using FEM simulations were also observed. Key word : MEMS, Capacitive transducer, FEM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 357-371
Influence of Hall Current on Two Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of Oldroyd - B Fluid in a Channel R.C. Chaudhary* and Arpita Jain**
Department of Mathematics, University of Rajasthan Jaipur - 302004 (Raj.); India. Abstract : This work provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the flow of visco-elastic liquid between two parallel plates when one plate is stationary and the other plate suddenly starts oscillating in the presence of strong magnetic field by introducing the Hall current. The governing equations are solved in closed form by employing finite Fourier sine transform and Laplace transform. The results are obtained for velocity and skin-friction. The effects of the various parameters characterizing the flow characteristics are explored and illustrated through several graphs. The physical aspects of the problem are also discussed. Key word : Oldroyd – B fluid, Oscillatory flow, Hall effect, Fourier transform, Laplace transform. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 373-384
Biocontrol of Wood Decay by Trichoderma spp. – Retrospect and Prospect A. Kundu1, M.R. Chakraborty2 and N.C. Chatterjee1*
1 Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Burdwan University, Burdwan - 713104 (W.B.); India 2 Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory Department of Botany, Kalyani University, Kalyani-741235, Nadia (W.B.); India Abstract : A resurgence of interest in biological control of wood decay fungi due to recent revelations of its beneficial effects in protective wooden structures against decay fungi is in enormous increase. This has also been due, in large part, to increase public awareness and concern over the environmental impact of currently used chemical wood preservatives. Mechanisms of control, which have been attributed to Trichoderma spp., can be categorised into the following four types: competition for nutrients, production of inhibitory soluble metabolites, production of inhibitory volatiles and non-volatiles and mycoparasitism involving the production of lytic enzymes. Trichoderma spp. have been reported to produce siderophores, an iron chelating compounds. All the mechanisms of control of wood decay fungi have been discussed in the present review. Key word : Wood decay fungi, biocontrol, Trichoderma, competition, soluble metabolites, volatile and non-volatile organic compounds, mycoparasitism, lytic enzymes, siderophores. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 385-400Review Microbial Biomass: Combating Heavy Metal Pollution Ronak Shetty and Shalini Rajkumar*
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Institute of Science, Nirma University of Science and Technology, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad - 382 481 (Gujarat); India Abstract : Heavy metals are widespread pollutants of great environmental concern as they are non-degradable and thus persistent. Conventional technique for treating wastewater is not economical and it also produces large amount of toxic products. So efforts are being made to switch towards microbes for treating heavy metal contaminated wastewater. Metabolically inactive dead biomass due to its unique chemical composition sequesters metal ions and metal complexes from solution. The performance of a biosorbent can further be improved by various physical and chemical treatments. Immobilization techniques help to increase the reusability of microbial biomass for removing heavy metal ions from the wastewater. The objective of this paper is to review the available information on various biosorbents which may help in developing better biosorbents and thus can be used for heavy metal remediation. Key word : Biosorption, heavy metals, immobilization, metal binding sites. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 401-404Short Communication Age Related Changes in Electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Ca2+) with Relation to Age in Rat Shaveta Bharti and Shashi Goyal
Department of Zoology, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur - 342010 (Rajasthan); India Abstract : In the present study an attempt has been made to ascertain electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium and calcium) in extracellular fluids taking as replica of their levels in the blood and the status of level of these ions in blood at different ages. It establishes that as the age advances the levels of these ions (Na+,K+ and Ca2+ ) rises . The rise in sodium in serum could be on account of possible decrease in intracellular entry of sodium. The rise in potassium and calcium could be on account of spilling over of these ions from intracellular to extracellular space. The deviation of values of sodium, potassium and calcium from control values in the rest four groups of varying age is highly significant at 0.001 P-value i.e. 99 per thousand confidence limit. The rise in all the three parameters from control group is quite significant. Key word : Rat, Age, Electrolytes, Myocardium, bio-chemical - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 405-410Short Communication
V.L. Saxena, Eshita Pandey, Sona Agarwal and A.K. Saxena*
Department of Zoology, D.G. College, Kanpur (U.P.): India * Department of Zoology, D.A.V. College, Kanpur (U.P.); India Abstract : In the present study Pigeon (Columba livia) and Dove (Streptopelia chinensis) were studied for their breeding and nidification behavior, as these are closely associated to humans. These bird breed throughout the year, although Pigeon breeds preferably during January to May while Dove breeds during January to August. In Pigeon, the male shows courtship behavior by tail fanning, songs, chasing, billing etc. whereas in Dove the male shows courtship behavior by songs, display flights, spooning etc. Females respond by emitting a mating call. Both the partners mutually select a territory for a nesting site. They both share the labor in preparing a nest. In both the birds, clutch size is of two eggs and is incubated by both parents. Eggs hatch into nidicolous chicks in about 18 days in Pigeon and about 14 days n Dove. The chicks are altricial and are protected by the parents till they develop their own plumage completely (3-5 weeks) and become good fliers. Key word : Breeding, Nidification, Spooning, Billing, Nidicolous, Altricial - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 411-414Short Communication
Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Tissues of Cirrihna mrigala and Catla catla Jyotsna Singh1, K. Kant2, H.B. Sharma3 and K.S. Rana4
1 Department Zoology, K.L. Mehta Dayanand College for Women, Faridabad-121001 (Haryana); India. 2 Department Physics, K.L. Mehta Dayanand College for Women, Faridabad-121001 (Haryana); India. 3 Department Zoology, BSA College, Mathura (U.P.); India 4 Department Zoology, Agra College, Agra (U.P.); India Abstract : Increasing industrialization, along with the violation of effluent disposal norms, has caused heavy contamination of water bodies. Fish and other aquatic biota in the vicinity of industrial areas is a good indicator for gauging the level of pollution. Heavy metals like Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Plumbum (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Mercury (Hg) have proven to be persistent pollutants. Though present in traces heavy metals, being lipophilic, tend to bioaccumulate and biomagnify. Their accumulation in biotic tissues causes toxic effects. The present study is undertaken to gauge the accumulation of Cadmium in fish tissue, when live fish is subjected to sublethal dose of Cadmium for a period of 15 to 60 days in controlled environments of Aquaria. The tissues from liver, gill, muscle and kidney were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and electrophoresis for assessing the amount of Cadmium accumulated in various tissues at the end of 15 days and then after 60 days. Atomic absorption spectrum showed that the tissues of Mrigala were more resistant to accumulation of Cadmium than those of Catla. Maximum accumulation was in the gills and liver, followed by muscles, while minimum accumulation was seen in kidneys. In the above estimation we found that tissues of Mrigala were more resistant to accumulation of Cadmium than those of Catla. These fish are used as bio-indicators because they tend to accumulate heavy metals and show their effects. As these fish are extensively used for human consumption, this finding urges either greater regulation for industrial effluent discharge, or exploration of alternative fish species that accumulate less pollutant. Key word : Pollution, Heavy metals, Cadmium, Tissue, Water. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 415-426Views Science and Values for a Finite Planet John Cairns, Jr.
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Abstract : Exponential population growth on a finite planet means less resources per capita, and humankind is dependent upon the resources of the biospheric life support system for survival. However, humankind has acted, in the past, as if it does not recognize either of these obvious realities, but recent events make it more likely that both concepts will be accepted. Although scientific research is carried out in a variety of sources, society places the primary responsibility for this important activity upon its universities. Scientific results must not be suppressed or altered because they are not congruent with political ideology or articles of religious faith. Similarly, value judgments should be left to society. When scientific evidence and analysis are used to make a value judgment, the general public must be acquainted with the scientific process – scientific judgments are based on the preponderance of evidence. The news media are doing a disservice to the public if they describe a “balanced” coverage with a few doubters of a concept on one “side” and thousands of credentialed scientists on the other. This type of coverage is being perpetuated frequently in global climate change reporting when the future of civilization is at stake. Key word : Scientific process, Value judgments, News “balance,” Ethical/moral judgments, Carrying capacity, Overpopulation, Biospheric life support system, Censorship.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 427-432Rapid Communication
Radioprotective Role of Gymnemic Acid on Mice: Study on Hepatic Biochemical Alterations
A.L. Bhatia, Raka Kamal*, Gulshan Verma, K.V. Sharma, Sharad Vats* & Megha Jain*
Radiation Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India-302055 *Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India-302055
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radioprotective effect of Gymnemic acid (GA) on Swiss albino mice against radiation induced hepatic biochemical alterations. Swiss albino mice (6–8 weeks) were divided into three groups. Group I (Normal) without any treatment. Group II (Control) only irradiated group (8Gy). Group III (GA+Irradiated) Mice in this group received GA orally (350 mg/Kg.b.wt/day) one hour before radiation (8 Gy) exposure. Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 3 and 7, post-irradiation. Radiation induced deficit in hepatic GSH and protein levels was significantly increased, whereas radiation induced elevation of lipid peroxidation level was markedly averted in GA pre-treated animals than those of irradiated group. It showed that GA provides protection against radiation-induced biochemical alterations in liver of Swiss albino mice.
Key words: Gymnemic acid, liver, Antioxidant, Radioprotection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 2008; 433-438Rapid Communication
Study on Acetogenin against Radiation-induced Hepatic Biochemical Alterations in Mice Liver
A.L. Bhatia, Raka Kamal*, Gulshan Verma, K.V. Sharma, Megha Jain* and Sharad Vats*
Radiation Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India-302055 * Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India-302055
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radioprotective effect of Acetogenin (AE) on Swiss albino mice against radiation induced hepatic biochemical alterations. Swiss albino mice (6–8 weeks) were divided into three groups. Group I (Normal) without any treatment. Group II (Control) only irradiated group (8Gy). Group III (AE+Irradiated) Mice in this group received AE orally (350 mg/Kg.b.wt/day) one hour before radiation (8 Gy) exposure. Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 3 and 7, post irradiation. Radiation induced deficit in hepatic GSH and protein levels was significantly increased, whereas radiation induced elevation of lipid peroxidation level was markedly averted in AE pre-treated animals than those of irradiated group. It showed that AE provides protection against radiation-induced biochemical alterations in liver of Swiss albino mice.
Key words: Acetogenin, liver, Antioxidant, Radioprotection
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V. D. Hegde
Department of Zoology, Karnatak university, Dharwad - 580 003 (Karnataka); India
Abstracts : Effect of Gonadotraphon FSH (5 IU/day/D.Water/10 injections and 10 IU /day/ D.Water/10 injections) Gonadotraphon L H (5 IU/day/D.Water/10 injections) and GnRH (50 ng/day/D.Water/10 injections) on folliculogenesis in 5 day hatchlings of the domestic pigeon Columba livia was investigated. The ovaries in initial control (5 day old Hatchlings) contained only oocytes but not primordial follicles. The diameter of the follicles present in other groups were measured and classified. Follicles above 75 µm appeared in 5 IU Gonadotraphon FSH treated, 10 IU Gonadotraphon FSH treated and GnRH treated birds. The follicles above 125 µm were found only in 10 IU Gonadotraphon FSH treated birds. Also, there was a significant increase in the diameter of the largest follicle of 10 IU Gonadotraphon FSH treated group when compared to that in final control group. The present study suggests that in C. livia gonadotrophins may not be required for folliculogenesis.
Key word : Gonadotrophins, GnRH, Folliculogenesis, Columba livia
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P. Lalitha1 , S. Sivakamasundari1 and P. Shanmugam2
1 Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam University For Women, Coimbatore - 641 043. 2 Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore.
Abstract : Sulphur and nitrogen containing heterocycles represent an important group of compounds that are promising for use in practical applications. Thieno quinolines form a class of hetero aromatics with several pharmaceutical and biological activities. Hence this paper is aimed at synthesizing dihydrothienoquinolines and the precursors required for its synthesis - quinolone, chloro quinolines and thione. The foresaid compounds are required for the synthesis of thieno quinolines. Microwave synthesis was adopted owing to its user-friendly nature. The antimutagenic activity of the compounds has been assessed by Ames Salmonella Microsome Assay. Microwave reactions of the compounds resulted in drastic reduction in the time of synthesis and improved yields. Several compounds showed good antimutagenicity. The results were found to be statistically significant (P=0).
Key words : Antimutagenic Activity , Heterocyclics , Microwave synthesis, Ames.
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