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CONTENTS YEAR 2008
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 1-12 The Globalization of Homo sapiens John Cairns, Jr. Department of Biological Sciences, Abstract : Homo sapiens began as a small-group species 160,000 years ago and remained tribal until the Agricultural Revolution about 10,000 years ago. Exponential growth began at that time and accelerated during the Industrial Revolution until, during the 20th century, the population doubling time was less than the human life span in some countries. In the latter part of the 20th century, the ecological overshoot rose to 24%, which meant humankind was exceeding Earth’s carrying capacity. In addition, global heating and other types of climate change threatened to reduce food supplies, while population continued to grow. About one-half the population lived reasonably successfully in urbanized areas, although post-peak oil would probably make this undertaking more difficult. Most important, nations had not developed world governance to manage such problems as: (1) global heating and other types of climate change, (2) acidification of the oceans, (3) regulation of carbon dioxide [which affects both problems (1) and (2)] and other greenhouse gases, (4) stabilization of the human population within Earth’s carrying capacity, (5) equitable and fair allocation of resources among humans and with the 30+ million other life forms with which humans share the planet, (6) management of the global commons, (7) requiem for reason. In order to address these global problems successfully, humankind must quickly develop global governance systems that transcend national limits so that the biospheric life support system is restored to and maintained in a healthy condition. Key words : Ecological globalization, Carrying capacity, Greenhouse gases, Oceanic acidification, Biospheric life support system
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 13-24 Preparing for the Post-Industrial Age John Cairns, Jr. Department of Biological Sciences, Abstract : The Industrial Age has been made possible by cheap, abundant fossil fuels, primarily petroleum and coal. The life expectancy of an industrial civilization is about 100 years. Some forecasts estimate the critical period of the current age to be from 1930 to approximately 2030. A key to this range is peak oil, which may occur in 2007. After peak oil, a terminal decline will occur in the industrial civilization because replacement or substitute energy sources are not as attractive as petroleum. Coal is a poor replacement for petroleum and produces twice as many greenhouse gases and also is finite in reserves. Nuclear energy poses formidable radioactive waste disposal problems, and, in France and Spain, nuclear power plants had to shut down when the cooling water became too warm. Biofuels have serious problems, the worst of which is reducing the food supply. Predictions that the human population will reach 9 billion in 2050 means less per capita energy even if energy availability does not diminish and much less per capita if it does diminish as peak oil models predict. The post-industrial age is almost certain to be an age of scarcity with painful contrasts to the cornucopian Industrial Age. Alternative energy sources such as wind and solar are essential, but will not replace the "fossil sunlight" of the Industrial Age. Key words : Post-industrial age, Biofuels, Alternative energy, Coal/nuclear energy, Food supplies, Climate change
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 33-42 Jamaliah Md Jahim*, Fariza Akmal Abdul Mutalib, Nurina Anuar and Masturah Markom Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Abstract : Study of optimisation of lipase extraction using aqueous two-phase system containing PEG6000-phosphate system was initially carried out using industrial lipase preparation. The experiment was done by manipulating four parameters that mainly effect protein partition coefficient such as the composition of system components; PEG6000 and phosphate salts, the composition of an added salt, NaCl and the pH of the system. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) had been applied to find the location of the most suitable system conditions for extracting lipase. It was demonstrated that at system compositions of 7.57% w/w PEG6000/ 12.01% w/w phosphate/ 3.0% w/w NaCl and pH of 7.37, the optimum conditions of predicted lipase recovery from the broth attained was 73.84%. The confirmation experiments were performed and the results of lipase extraction from Aspergillus terreus SUK-1 lipase have shown an increment of lipase recovery of 77% in the bottom phase and most proteins other than lipase were found to partition into the top phase. In the subsequent extraction experiments where higher volume of 100 times larger was applied, the result of partitioned lipase were not much different with the smaller scale and the lipase recovery increased 2% from the previous experiments. Key words : Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-salt system, enzyme separation,Lipase, Optimisation experiment; Response surface methodology (RSM)
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 43-48 Biodegradation Potential of the Selected Bacterial Strains Isolated from Sagar Lake S. Kumari, A. Mehta, Shruti Shukla, J. John and P. Mehta Lab of Microbiology, Department of Botany, Abstract : Microbes are well known for their scavenging activity, there is nothing in the universe which are resistant to microbial attack. The present study consist of isolation of different bacterial strains which are capable of removing organic matters like protein, carbohydrate and alter COD and BOD values of lake water. Maximum removal of protein and carbohydrate was brought by Micrococcus luteus-1, followed by Micrococcus luteus-4 and Micrococcus sp., Micrococcus luteus-1 and Micrococcus luteus-4 removed maximum COD, while maximum BOD was removed by Pasteurella pneumotrop and Staphylococcus hyicus. Key words : Biodegradation,Micrococcus luteus, Pasteurella pneumotrop, Staphylococcushyicus
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 49-54 Induced Experimental Diabetes and Its Impact on the Rabbit Brain Sajad Hussain Mir1, Abdul Baqui, R. C. Bhagat, M.M. Darzi2, M. S. Mir2 and Abdul Wahid Shah 1 Postgraduate Department of Zoology, Abstract : Diabetes mellitus in rabbits was permanently established by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan @ 80 mg/kg.b.w. at weekly intervals following twelve hours fasting. The diabetic rabbits exhibited a significant increase in blood sugar level (F) (P<0.001) and a significant decrease in body weight (P<0.50) upto six weeks in contrast to control rabbits. After twenty six weeks the diabetic rabbits showed histomorphological disturbances in brain that included edema, degeneration of neurons and degenerative changes in purkinji cells in cerebellum. Further, a decrease in beta cell number was observed in diabetic rabbits compared to control. It is concluded that with the progress of untreated diabetes, the subsequent effects of hyperglycemia alter the histomorphology of brain in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Key words : Diabetes, rabbits, brain, histopathology
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 67-78 Generalised Strip Yield Crack Arrest Model for a Piezoelectric Strip with Transverse Crack R.R. Bhargava1 and Satish Kumar2 Department of Mathematics, Abstract : A study is carried for arrest of opening of a crack and fatigue crack growth rate for a piezoelectric ceramic strip weakened by a transverse, finite, hairline straight crack. A strip yield model is considered under anti-plane shear stress and in-plane electric loading conditions. The developed slide zone rims are subjected to quadratically varying yield point cohesive anti-plane shear stress to arrest the crack from further opening. Fourier integral transform method is employed, which reduces problem to the solution of Fredholm integral equation of second kind. This integral equation in turn is solved numerically. Expressions are derived for the length of slide zone, crack sliding displacement and crack growth rate. A qualitative study is presented for the parameters affecting the opening of the crack with respect to the strip width, material constants etc. in the form of the graphs. The results obtained are analyzed and conclusions are drawn. Key words : Crack growth rate, crack sliding displacement, piezoelectric ceramic strip, slide zone, stress intensity factors.
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 79-88
S. Malarvannan*, S. Senthil Kumar, V.R. Prabavathy and Sudha Nair M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Abstract : Argemone mexicana, Cipadessa baccifera, Clausena dentata, Dodonaea angustifolia and Melia dubia are medicinal plants predominantly present in India. The individual and synergistic effects of A. mexicana leaf powder with the other plants were investigated for their insecticidal property against Helicoverpa armigera. The different treatments differed significantly in their efficacy with 5 gm of A. mexicana + D. angustifolia and A. mexicana + M. dubia being the most effective in curtailing the pupation followed by 10 gm of A. mexicana alone. The pupal weight and length were low in the synergistic combination. Malformed moth emergence was 89% in 5 gm of A. mexicana + C. dentata. The adult life span was least in A. mexicana + C. baccifera. The fecundity and egg hatchability were also subsequently affected due to the impact on the first generation larvae. Key words : Argemone mexicana, Dodonaea angustifolia, pupation, fecundity
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 89-94 V. D. Hegde Department of Zoology Abstract : The effect of an antiestrogen, Tamoxifen Citrate on the differential follicular counts in the domestic pigeon Columba livia is investigated. 250µg/tamoxifen citrate/0.2 ml olive oil/day (7 injections) were administered to female pigeons during preincubation phase. The weight of the ovary, oviduct and length of the oviduct were noted at autopsy. The number of follicles at different developmental stages was counted and classified depending on their diameter. There was a significant decrease in the length of the oviduct and weight of the ovary and oviduct in tamoxifen citrate treated pigeons. There was a significant increase in the total number of normal and atretic follicles and only Stage I to Stage III follicles were found in the tamoxifen citrate treated pigeons. This study suggests that, estrogen is needed for the maintenance of dominant yolky follicles. The growth of previtellogenic follicles, stage I does not seem to be dependent upon estrogen. A significant increase in the number of Stage I previtellogenic follicles in tamoxifen citrate treated pigeons suggests that the recruitment of these follicles might be under inhibitory/regulatory influence of dominant yolky follicles in the ovary. Key words : Follicles, Diameter, Tamoxifen Citrate, Columba livia
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 95-102 R.S. Somani1*, A.K. Singhai2 1. Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Abstract : The present study was designed to investigate the hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activity of seeds of Myristica fragrans in normoglycaemic and alloxan- induced diabetic rats. The petroleum ether (60-80º C) extract of Myristica fragrans (PEMF) was administered orally in normal fasted, glucose fed (1.5 g/kg, p.o.) and alloxan (120 mg/kg, s.c.)- induced diabetic rats (n=5). The blood glucose levels were estimated using glucometer (One Touch, Johnson and Johnson). In addition, changes in body weight, organ (liver, kidney and pancreas) weight, serum lipid profile and blood parameter (haemoglobin, erythrocytes and differential leukocytes) assessed after two weeks in the extract treated diabetic rats. Key words : Myristica fragrans, Hypoglycaemic, Alloxan
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 103-108 Water Temperature and Primary Production in the Euphotic Zone of a Tropical Shallow Freshwater Lake C. Chattopadhyay and T. C. Banerjee* Ecology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, bstract : Changes in the primary production in relation to changes in water temperature in the euphotic zone of the Krishnasayer, a tropical shallow freshwater lake at Burdwan (23°16¢N, 87°54¢E) were measured over January-December 2005. Water temperature was maximum (34°C) in May and minimum (20°C) in December. The gross primary production (GPP) was maximum (0.82 ± 0.01 gcm-3h-1) in April and minimum (0.48 ± 0.01 g c m-3 h-1) in December. In contrast, the net primary production (NPP) was maximum (0.38 ± 0.05 gcm-3 h-1) in May and minimum (0.23 ± 0.01 gcm-3h-1) in December, and the community respiration (CR) was maximum (0.51 ± 0.02 gcm-3h-1) in April and minimum (0.17 ± 0.01 gcm-3h-1) in September. Seasonal changes in GPP and NPP demonstrated linear and significant (P £ 0.01) relationships with water temperature, whilst seasonal changes in CR demonstrated linear but insignificant (P > 0.01) relationships with water temperature. Key words : Water temperature, primary production, euphotic zone, tropical lake, Krishnasayer
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 109-112 A Case Study of Possible Relationship between Post Transfusion Malaria and Thalassaemia Charu Modi1, Unnati Padalia1 and Rajesh C. Patil2* 1. Deptartment of Microbiology, Abstract : Cases of transfusion transmitted malaria have increased in incidence over the past few decades. Patients requiring regular transfusions are more prone to it. In the present study, the hematological parameters in a Thalassaemic patient who developed malaria and the parasite type and morphology in such a patient were studied. The results indicated that Thalassaemic patients are more prone to transfusion transmitted malaria. Key words : Thalassaemia, Transfusion transmitted malaria, Hematological parameters
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 113-116 Complexation of Magnesium with 5-acetamido-1,3,4 thidiazole -2-sulphohanamide, A Diuretic Drug Suparna Ghosh1, Suman Malik, Bharti Jain2, Mamta Bhattacharya 1 Department of Chemistry, Abstract : Acetazolamide is a diuretic drug. It increases the out put of urine by activating the kidneys. In the present paper we describe the synthesis and Characterization of acetazolamide complex with Magnesium via the formation of Schiff base. Conductometric studies reveal that Schiff base of acetazolamide forms 2:1 complex with Magnesium. Key words : Magnesium, diuretic, 5-acetamido-1,3,4 thiadiazole -2-sulphohanamide, acetazolamide
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 117-128 K. Mallikarjuna1, K. Nishanth2, T. Bhaskar Reddy1 and K. Sathyavelu Reddy1* 1 Division of Exercise Physiology, Abstract : The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the influence of exercise training and aging on antioxidant enzyme status in functionally different skeletal muscle fiber types. Wistar strain albino rats of two age groups (3months young and 18months moderately aged/old) were divided into two experimental groups from each age and treated as sedentary control (SC) and exercise trained (ExT; 23m/min, 30min/day, 5days/week for 12 weeks). After completion of the last training session, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the assay of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione (GSH) content in the rat hind limb muscle fibers of soleus (SOL), red gastrocnemius (RG) and white gastrocnemius (WG). The results revealed that the activities of all antioxidant enzymes and GSH content were decreased in SOL, RG and WG muscle fibers of old rats compared to young rats. Whereas, the same parameters were up-regulated with exercise training in all muscle fibers. However, the exercise induced elevation in SOD and CAT activities was greater in older rats than the young rats. This elevation even in old muscle fibers with exercised may help to cope from age induced oxidative stress. The results obtained in the current investigation are discussed in the light of functional physiology of the muscle fiber types. From this study it was concluded that 12 weeks period of treadmill exercise training has beneficial in preventing the age-associated amendments in antioxidant machinery of different locomotor muscle fiber types. Key words : Aging, exercise, antioxidant enzymes, skeletal muscle fibers
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 129-136 Priti Goyal and A.L. Bhatia Department of Zoology, Abstract : Conventional identification of a clinical isolate of Mycobacteria primarily based on culture characteristics and biochemical tests needs several weeks and may remain inconclusive. This study was undertaken to evaluate a new rapid method to identify the Mycobacterial isolates at species level by gene amplification restriction analysis using primers encoding 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and flanking parts of the 16S as well as 23S rRNA gene. Restriction was carried out with restriction enzyme Hha I. This assay was applied on 5 reference strains and 50 clinical isolates of mycobacterial and 5 environmental isolates to validate the technique. Distinct gene amplification restriction analysis patterns were obtained by restriction of amplicons with Hha I restriction enzyme which could differentiate various mycobacterial species. The procedure dose not involve hybridization steps for the use of radioactivity and can be completed within 1 working day. Key words : Gene amplification restriction analysis, 16-23S rRNA - spacer region, Restriction enzyme
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 137-142 Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid "Quercetin" from Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. Mahesh Chand Meena and Vidya Patni* Plant Pathology Tissue Culture and Biotechnology Laboratory, Abstract : Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. is an important medicinal plant belonging to family Cucurbitaceae. Flavonoid "quercetin" was isolated from in vivo (leaf, stem, fruit and root) and in vitro callus of the species. The dried samples were separately soxhlet extracted in 80% methanol and then reextracted with petroleum ether, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. The fraction was concentrated and subjected to TLC. The Rf value of isolated quercetin and standard quercetin was calculated. The purified material was subjected to its IR spectra, HPLC and identified as "quercetin". This study is also of practical importance because quercetin is an important ingredient of Citrullus colocynthis. Key words : Citrullus colocynthis, Flavonoid, In vivo and in vitro, Quercetin
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 143-146 R. Eswaralakshmi, J. Jayanthi and M.G. Ragunathan Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Abstract : The organic compounds like protein, carbohydrate and lipid have been quantitatively estimated in tissues such as haemolymph, hepatopancreas, muscle and ovary after injecting fluoxetine to an eyestalk ablated female fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei lamarrei and all the tissues show fluctuations in their contents due to fluoxetine treatment. The results show that the more deposition of organic contents in the ovary of the fluoxetine treated prawn due to stimulatory action of fluoxetine. Key words : Bilateral eyestalk ablation, prawns, hepatopancreas, muscle, haemolymph, ovary, Biochemical contents
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 147-151 P. Indumathy, M. Sangeetha, P. Lakshmi Devi, J. Jayanthi, and M.G. Ragunathan* Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Abstract : The quantitative analysis for protein, carbohydrates and lipids were analysed in a fresh water crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex. Three groups of crabs were injected with aqueous extract of brain, thoracic ganglion and eyestalk of the matured female crab, Emerita asiatica. The mobilization of organic contents from hepatopancreas to ovary and spermatheca were highly significant in thoracic ganglion treated crab followed by brain, the eyestalk extract treated group showed significant decrease in the organic contents. Key words : Quantitative analysis, Biochemical mobilization, organic contents, crabs, Emerita asiatica
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 153-158 An Optimum Landmine Detection System Using Polyethylene Moderator and 241Am-Be as a Neutron Source Hashem Miri-Hakimabad, Hamed Panjeh*, Alireza Vejdani-Noghreiyan FUM Radiation Detection and Measurement Laboratory, Ferdowsi Abstract : In this paper an optimized moderating structure using an 241Am-Be neutron source for detecting landmines (using the PGNAA method) has been investigated by experiment. The experimental set up composed of a Pb cylindrical shell enclosing the neutron source, embedded in a fixed size High-density polyethylene (HDPe) cylinder with the variable thickness of the upper and lower moderator. The optimizing approach applied in this work is straighter than the usual approach that is based on measuring the prompt gamma rays rate due to the Landmine nuclei. Methodologically, by using the concept of PGNAA method a novel approach was studied and some groups of experiment have been done to measure the several moderator configurations' responses. Key words : Am-Be Neutron source; Landmine detection; Optimization; HDPe
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 159-160 Laxative Activity of Vitex negundo Linn. Leaves R.S. Adnaik*, P.T. Pai, S.N. Mule, N.S. Naikwade, C.S. Magdum Department of Pharmacology, Abstract : Crude aqueous extract of Vitex negundo Linn. leaves (family: verbenaceae) at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg was investigated for laxative activity according to Cappaso et al. in albino rats that were compared with standard drug agar-agar (300mg/kg, p.o.) in normal saline. The rats were fasted for 12 hours before the experiment. After 8 hours of drug administration the faeces were collected and weighed. The extract was found to produce significant laxative activity in dose dependant manner. The activity may be contributed to the phytoconstituents present. Key words : Vitex; laxative activity, faeces, agar-agar
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 161-164 Nitrate Pollution in Dug Well Water of Putki-balihari Colliery Area of Dhanbad District (Jharkhand) Sanjay Kumar*, R.K. Gupta and A.C. Gorai Ecological Research Laboratory, Abstract : The present Investigation was undertaken to ascertain the extent of Nitrate Pollution in Dug well water of a Coal Mining area of Dhanbad. The Nitrate content in water varied from 2 to 30 mg/l, 8-45 mg/l and 12-65 mg/l during December, 2006, March 2007 & June, 2007. It was observed that in 3 samples the Nitrate concentrations are very high. The principal source of Nitrate Pollution in the study area are municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, out of which Industrial wastes are the most trouble some to control. In this area the removal of Nitrate is very necessary because high nitrates in water (above 45 mg/l) may cause methemoglobinemia in children. Key words : Methemoglobinemia, Nitrate, Nitrosamines, Carcinomas
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 165-170 Y.C. Gupta and Dinesh Kumar Chaturvedi Department of Zoology, Abstract : The genus Ptilomera Amyot and Seville, is hitherto represented by four species viz., Ptilomera (Proptilomera) himalayensis Hungerford and Matsuda, 1958; Ptilomera (s.str.) laticaudata Hardwick, 1825; Ptilomera (s.str) assamensis Hungerford and Matsuda, 1965 and Ptilomera (s.str.) agroides Schmidt, 1926 from India. A new species of Ptilomera, Ptilomera (s.str.) Schmidti sp.nov. is described from Uttar Pradesh, India. Key words : Skaler, Hemiptera, heteroptera, Ptilomera
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Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008; 171-176 Description of A New Species of Microvelia Westwood, 1834 from India Y.C. Gupta1 and Y.K. Gupta2 1. Department of Zoology, Abstract : Microvelia Westwood, 1834, is an important genus of family Veliidae, 1843. It is hitherto represented by nine species viz. M. repentina Distant, 1904, M. singalensis Kirkaldy, 1903, M. albomaculata Distant, 1909, M. kumaonensis Distant, 1909, M. diluta Distant, 1909 and M. annandalei Distant, 1909, M. douglasi Scott, 1874, M. lundbladi Gupta & Khandelwal, 2002 and M. andersoni Gupta & Khandelwal, 2002. One new species of the genus Microvelia miyamoti sp.nov. is described from India. Key words : Microvelia, Veliidae, Apterous, Macropterous
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